Add remote bitbang write buffer.

[openocd.git] / src / flash / nor / stm32l4x.c

/***************************************************************************
 *   Copyright (C) 2015 by Uwe Bonnes                                      *
 *   bon@elektron.ikp.physik.tu-darmstadt.de                               *
 *                                                                         *
 *   Copyright (C) 2019 by Tarek Bochkati for STMicroelectronics           *
 *   tarek.bouchkati@gmail.com                                             *
 *                                                                         *
 *   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify  *
 *   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by  *
 *   the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or     *
 *   (at your option) any later version.                                   *
 *                                                                         *
 *   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,       *
 *   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of        *
 *   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the         *
 *   GNU General Public License for more details.                          *
 *                                                                         *
 *   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License     *
 *   along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. *
 ***************************************************************************/

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include "config.h"
#endif

#include "imp.h"
#include <helper/binarybuffer.h>
#include <target/algorithm.h>
#include <target/armv7m.h>
#include "bits.h"
#include "stm32l4x.h"

/* STM32L4xxx series for reference.
 *
 * RM0351 (STM32L4x5/STM32L4x6)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00083560.pdf
 *
 * RM0394 (STM32L43x/44x/45x/46x)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00151940.pdf
 *
 * RM0432 (STM32L4R/4Sxx)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00310109.pdf
 *
 * STM32L476RG Datasheet (for erase timing)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/datasheet/stm32l476rg.pdf
 *
 * The RM0351 devices have normally two banks, but on 512 and 256 kiB devices
 * an option byte is available to map all sectors to the first bank.
 * Both STM32 banks are treated as one OpenOCD bank, as other STM32 devices
 * handlers do!
 *
 * RM0394 devices have a single bank only.
 *
 * RM0432 devices have single and dual bank operating modes.
 *  - for STM32L4R/Sxx the FLASH size is 2Mbyte or 1Mbyte.
 *  - for STM32L4P/Q5x the FLASH size is 1Mbyte or 512Kbyte.
 * Bank page (sector) size is 4Kbyte (dual mode) or 8Kbyte (single mode).
 *
 * Bank mode is controlled by two different bits in option bytes register.
 *  - for STM32L4R/Sxx
 *    In 2M FLASH devices bit 22 (DBANK) controls Dual Bank mode.
 *    In 1M FLASH devices bit 21 (DB1M) controls Dual Bank mode.
 *  - for STM32L4P5/Q5x
 *    In 1M FLASH devices bit 22 (DBANK) controls Dual Bank mode.
 *    In 512K FLASH devices bit 21 (DB512K) controls Dual Bank mode.
 *
 */

/* STM32WBxxx series for reference.
 *
 * RM0434 (STM32WB55)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00318631.pdf
 *
 * RM0471 (STM32WB50)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00622834.pdf
 */

/* STM32WLxxx series for reference.
 *
 * RM0461 (STM32WLEx)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00530369.pdf
 */

/* STM32G0xxx series for reference.
 *
 * RM0444 (STM32G0x1)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00371828.pdf
 *
 * RM0454 (STM32G0x0)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00463896.pdf
 */

/* STM32G4xxx series for reference.
 *
 * RM0440 (STM32G43x/44x/47x/48x/49x/4Ax)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00355726.pdf
 *
 * Cat. 2 devices have single bank only, page size is 2kByte.
 *
 * Cat. 3 devices have single and dual bank operating modes,
 * Page size is 2kByte (dual mode) or 4kByte (single mode).
 *
 * Bank mode is controlled by bit 22 (DBANK) in option bytes register.
 * Both banks are treated as a single OpenOCD bank.
 *
 * Cat. 4 devices have single bank only, page size is 2kByte.
 */

/* STM32L5xxx series for reference.
 *
 * RM0428 (STM32L552xx/STM32L562xx)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00346336.pdf
 */

/* Erase time can be as high as 25ms, 10x this and assume it's toast... */

#define FLASH_ERASE_TIMEOUT 250


/* relevant STM32L4 flags ****************************************************/
#define F_NONE              0
/* this flag indicates if the device flash is with dual bank architecture */
#define F_HAS_DUAL_BANK     BIT(0)
/* this flags is used for dual bank devices only, it indicates if the
 * 4 WRPxx are usable if the device is configured in single-bank mode */
#define F_USE_ALL_WRPXX     BIT(1)
/* this flag indicates if the device embeds a TrustZone security feature */
#define F_HAS_TZ            BIT(2)
/* end of STM32L4 flags ******************************************************/


enum stm32l4_flash_reg_index {
        STM32_FLASH_ACR_INDEX,
        STM32_FLASH_KEYR_INDEX,
        STM32_FLASH_OPTKEYR_INDEX,
        STM32_FLASH_SR_INDEX,
        STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX,
        STM32_FLASH_OPTR_INDEX,
        STM32_FLASH_WRP1AR_INDEX,
        STM32_FLASH_WRP1BR_INDEX,
        STM32_FLASH_WRP2AR_INDEX,
        STM32_FLASH_WRP2BR_INDEX,
        STM32_FLASH_REG_INDEX_NUM,
};

enum stm32l4_rdp {
        RDP_LEVEL_0   = 0xAA,
        RDP_LEVEL_0_5 = 0x55, /* for devices with TrustZone enabled */
        RDP_LEVEL_1   = 0x00,
        RDP_LEVEL_2   = 0xCC
};

static const uint32_t stm32l4_flash_regs[STM32_FLASH_REG_INDEX_NUM] = {
        [STM32_FLASH_ACR_INDEX]      = 0x000,
        [STM32_FLASH_KEYR_INDEX]     = 0x008,
        [STM32_FLASH_OPTKEYR_INDEX]  = 0x00C,
        [STM32_FLASH_SR_INDEX]       = 0x010,
        [STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX]       = 0x014,
        [STM32_FLASH_OPTR_INDEX]     = 0x020,
        [STM32_FLASH_WRP1AR_INDEX]   = 0x02C,
        [STM32_FLASH_WRP1BR_INDEX]   = 0x030,
        [STM32_FLASH_WRP2AR_INDEX]   = 0x04C,
        [STM32_FLASH_WRP2BR_INDEX]   = 0x050,
};

static const uint32_t stm32l5_ns_flash_regs[STM32_FLASH_REG_INDEX_NUM] = {
        [STM32_FLASH_ACR_INDEX]      = 0x000,
        [STM32_FLASH_KEYR_INDEX]     = 0x008,
        [STM32_FLASH_OPTKEYR_INDEX]  = 0x010,
        [STM32_FLASH_SR_INDEX]       = 0x020,
        [STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX]       = 0x028,
        [STM32_FLASH_OPTR_INDEX]     = 0x040,
        [STM32_FLASH_WRP1AR_INDEX]   = 0x058,
        [STM32_FLASH_WRP1BR_INDEX]   = 0x05C,
        [STM32_FLASH_WRP2AR_INDEX]   = 0x068,
        [STM32_FLASH_WRP2BR_INDEX]   = 0x06C,
};

struct stm32l4_rev {
        const uint16_t rev;
        const char *str;
};

struct stm32l4_part_info {
        uint16_t id;
        const char *device_str;
        const struct stm32l4_rev *revs;
        const size_t num_revs;
        const uint16_t max_flash_size_kb;
        const uint32_t flags; /* one bit per feature, see STM32L4 flags: macros F_XXX */
        const uint32_t flash_regs_base;
        const uint32_t *default_flash_regs;
        const uint32_t fsize_addr;
        const uint32_t otp_base;
        const uint32_t otp_size;
};

struct stm32l4_flash_bank {
        bool probed;
        uint32_t idcode;
        unsigned int bank1_sectors;
        bool dual_bank_mode;
        int hole_sectors;
        uint32_t user_bank_size;
        uint32_t wrpxxr_mask;
        const struct stm32l4_part_info *part_info;
        const uint32_t *flash_regs;
        bool otp_enabled;
        enum stm32l4_rdp rdp;
        bool tzen;
};

enum stm32_bank_id {
        STM32_BANK1,
        STM32_BANK2,
        STM32_ALL_BANKS
};

struct stm32l4_wrp {
        enum stm32l4_flash_reg_index reg_idx;
        uint32_t value;
        bool used;
        int first;
        int last;
        int offset;
};

/* human readable list of families this drivers supports (sorted alphabetically) */
static const char *device_families = "STM32G0/G4/L4/L4+/L5/WB/WL";

static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32_415_revs[] = {
        { 0x1000, "1" }, { 0x1001, "2" }, { 0x1003, "3" }, { 0x1007, "4" }
};

static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32_435_revs[] = {
        { 0x1000, "A" }, { 0x1001, "Z" }, { 0x2001, "Y" },
};

static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32_460_revs[] = {
        { 0x1000, "A/Z" } /* A and Z, no typo in RM! */, { 0x2000, "B" },
};

static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32_461_revs[] = {
        { 0x1000, "A" }, { 0x2000, "B" },
};

static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32_462_revs[] = {
        { 0x1000, "A" }, { 0x1001, "Z" }, { 0x2001, "Y" },
};

static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32_464_revs[] = {
        { 0x1000, "A" }, { 0x1001, "Z" }, { 0x2001, "Y" },
};

static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32_466_revs[] = {
        { 0x1000, "A" }, { 0x1001, "Z" }, { 0x2000, "B" },
};

static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32_468_revs[] = {
        { 0x1000, "A" }, { 0x2000, "B" }, { 0x2001, "Z" },
};

static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32_469_revs[] = {
        { 0x1000, "A" }, { 0x2000, "B" }, { 0x2001, "Z" },
};

static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32_470_revs[] = {
        { 0x1000, "A" }, { 0x1001, "Z" }, { 0x1003, "Y" }, { 0x100F, "W" },
};

static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32_471_revs[] = {
        { 0x1001, "Z" },
};

static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32_472_revs[] = {
        { 0x1000, "A" }, { 0x2000, "B" },
};

static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32_479_revs[] = {
        { 0x1000, "A" },
};

static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32_495_revs[] = {
        { 0x2001, "2.1" },
};

static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32_496_revs[] = {
        { 0x1000, "A" },
};

static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32_497_revs[] = {
        { 0x1000, "1.0" },
};

static const struct stm32l4_part_info stm32l4_parts[] = {
        {
          .id                    = 0x415,
          .revs                  = stm32_415_revs,
          .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32_415_revs),
          .device_str            = "STM32L47/L48xx",
          .max_flash_size_kb     = 1024,
          .flags                 = F_HAS_DUAL_BANK,
          .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
          .default_flash_regs    = stm32l4_flash_regs,
          .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
          .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
          .otp_size              = 1024,
        },
        {
          .id                    = 0x435,
          .revs                  = stm32_435_revs,
          .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32_435_revs),
          .device_str            = "STM32L43/L44xx",
          .max_flash_size_kb     = 256,
          .flags                 = F_NONE,
          .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
          .default_flash_regs    = stm32l4_flash_regs,
          .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
          .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
          .otp_size              = 1024,
        },
        {
          .id                    = 0x460,
          .revs                  = stm32_460_revs,
          .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32_460_revs),
          .device_str            = "STM32G07/G08xx",
          .max_flash_size_kb     = 128,
          .flags                 = F_NONE,
          .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
          .default_flash_regs    = stm32l4_flash_regs,
          .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
          .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
          .otp_size              = 1024,
        },
        {
          .id                    = 0x461,
          .revs                  = stm32_461_revs,
          .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32_461_revs),
          .device_str            = "STM32L49/L4Axx",
          .max_flash_size_kb     = 1024,
          .flags                 = F_HAS_DUAL_BANK,
          .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
          .default_flash_regs    = stm32l4_flash_regs,
          .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
          .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
          .otp_size              = 1024,
        },
        {
          .id                    = 0x462,
          .revs                  = stm32_462_revs,
          .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32_462_revs),
          .device_str            = "STM32L45/L46xx",
          .max_flash_size_kb     = 512,
          .flags                 = F_NONE,
          .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
          .default_flash_regs    = stm32l4_flash_regs,
          .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
          .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
          .otp_size              = 1024,
        },
        {
          .id                    = 0x464,
          .revs                  = stm32_464_revs,
          .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32_464_revs),
          .device_str            = "STM32L41/L42xx",
          .max_flash_size_kb     = 128,
          .flags                 = F_NONE,
          .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
          .default_flash_regs    = stm32l4_flash_regs,
          .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
          .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
          .otp_size              = 1024,
        },
        {
          .id                    = 0x466,
          .revs                  = stm32_466_revs,
          .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32_466_revs),
          .device_str            = "STM32G03/G04xx",
          .max_flash_size_kb     = 64,
          .flags                 = F_NONE,
          .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
          .default_flash_regs    = stm32l4_flash_regs,
          .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
          .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
          .otp_size              = 1024,
        },
        {
          .id                    = 0x468,
          .revs                  = stm32_468_revs,
          .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32_468_revs),
          .device_str            = "STM32G43/G44xx",
          .max_flash_size_kb     = 128,
          .flags                 = F_NONE,
          .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
          .default_flash_regs    = stm32l4_flash_regs,
          .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
          .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
          .otp_size              = 1024,
        },
        {
          .id                    = 0x469,
          .revs                  = stm32_469_revs,
          .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32_469_revs),
          .device_str            = "STM32G47/G48xx",
          .max_flash_size_kb     = 512,
          .flags                 = F_HAS_DUAL_BANK | F_USE_ALL_WRPXX,
          .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
          .default_flash_regs    = stm32l4_flash_regs,
          .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
          .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
          .otp_size              = 1024,
        },
        {
          .id                    = 0x470,
          .revs                  = stm32_470_revs,
          .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32_470_revs),
          .device_str            = "STM32L4R/L4Sxx",
          .max_flash_size_kb     = 2048,
          .flags                 = F_HAS_DUAL_BANK | F_USE_ALL_WRPXX,
          .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
          .default_flash_regs    = stm32l4_flash_regs,
          .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
          .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
          .otp_size              = 1024,
        },
        {
          .id                    = 0x471,
          .revs                  = stm32_471_revs,
          .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32_471_revs),
          .device_str            = "STM32L4P5/L4Q5x",
          .max_flash_size_kb     = 1024,
          .flags                 = F_HAS_DUAL_BANK | F_USE_ALL_WRPXX,
          .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
          .default_flash_regs    = stm32l4_flash_regs,
          .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
          .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
          .otp_size              = 1024,
        },
        {
          .id                    = 0x472,
          .revs                  = stm32_472_revs,
          .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32_472_revs),
          .device_str            = "STM32L55/L56xx",
          .max_flash_size_kb     = 512,
          .flags                 = F_HAS_DUAL_BANK | F_USE_ALL_WRPXX | F_HAS_TZ,
          .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
          .default_flash_regs    = stm32l5_ns_flash_regs,
          .fsize_addr            = 0x0BFA05E0,
          .otp_base              = 0x0BFA0000,
          .otp_size              = 512,
        },
        {
          .id                    = 0x479,
          .revs                  = stm32_479_revs,
          .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32_479_revs),
          .device_str            = "STM32G49/G4Axx",
          .max_flash_size_kb     = 512,
          .flags                 = F_NONE,
          .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
          .default_flash_regs    = stm32l4_flash_regs,
          .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
          .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
          .otp_size              = 1024,
        },
        {
          .id                    = 0x495,
          .revs                  = stm32_495_revs,
          .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32_495_revs),
          .device_str            = "STM32WB5x",
          .max_flash_size_kb     = 1024,
          .flags                 = F_NONE,
          .flash_regs_base       = 0x58004000,
          .default_flash_regs    = stm32l4_flash_regs,
          .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
          .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
          .otp_size              = 1024,
        },
        {
          .id                    = 0x496,
          .revs                  = stm32_496_revs,
          .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32_496_revs),
          .device_str            = "STM32WB3x",
          .max_flash_size_kb     = 512,
          .flags                 = F_NONE,
          .flash_regs_base       = 0x58004000,
          .default_flash_regs    = stm32l4_flash_regs,
          .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
          .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
          .otp_size              = 1024,
        },
        {
          .id                    = 0x497,
          .revs                  = stm32_497_revs,
          .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32_497_revs),
          .device_str            = "STM32WLEx",
          .max_flash_size_kb     = 256,
          .flags                 = F_NONE,
          .flash_regs_base       = 0x58004000,
          .default_flash_regs    = stm32l4_flash_regs,
          .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
          .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
          .otp_size              = 1024,
        },
};

/* flash bank stm32l4x <base> <size> 0 0 <target#> */
FLASH_BANK_COMMAND_HANDLER(stm32l4_flash_bank_command)
{
        struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info;

        if (CMD_ARGC < 6)
                return ERROR_COMMAND_SYNTAX_ERROR;

        /* fix-up bank base address: 0 is used for normal flash memory */
        if (bank->base == 0)
                bank->base = STM32_FLASH_BANK_BASE;

        stm32l4_info = calloc(1, sizeof(struct stm32l4_flash_bank));
        if (!stm32l4_info)
                return ERROR_FAIL; /* Checkme: What better error to use?*/
        bank->driver_priv = stm32l4_info;

        /* The flash write must be aligned to a double word (8-bytes) boundary.
         * Ask the flash infrastructure to ensure required alignment */
        bank->write_start_alignment = bank->write_end_alignment = 8;

        stm32l4_info->probed = false;
        stm32l4_info->otp_enabled = false;
        stm32l4_info->user_bank_size = bank->size;

        return ERROR_OK;
}

/* bitmap helper extension */
struct range {
        unsigned int start;
        unsigned int end;
};

static void bitmap_to_ranges(unsigned long *bitmap, unsigned int nbits,
                struct range *ranges, unsigned int *ranges_count) {
        *ranges_count = 0;
        bool last_bit = 0, cur_bit;
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < nbits; i++) {
                cur_bit = test_bit(i, bitmap);

                if (cur_bit && !last_bit) {
                        (*ranges_count)++;
                        ranges[*ranges_count - 1].start = i;
                        ranges[*ranges_count - 1].end = i;
                } else if (cur_bit && last_bit) {
                        /* update (increment) the end this range */
                        ranges[*ranges_count - 1].end = i;
                }

                last_bit = cur_bit;
        }
}

static inline int range_print_one(struct range *range, char *str)
{
        if (range->start == range->end)
                return sprintf(str, "[%d]", range->start);

        return sprintf(str, "[%d,%d]", range->start, range->end);
}

static char *range_print_alloc(struct range *ranges, unsigned int ranges_count)
{
        /* each range will be printed like the following: [start,end]
         * start and end, both are unsigned int, an unsigned int takes 10 characters max
         * plus 3 characters for '[', ',' and ']'
         * thus means each range can take maximum 23 character
         * after each range we add a ' ' as separator and finally we need the '\0'
         * if the ranges_count is zero we reserve one char for '\0' to return an empty string */
        char *str = calloc(1, ranges_count * (24 * sizeof(char)) + 1);
        char *ptr = str;

        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ranges_count; i++) {
                ptr += range_print_one(&(ranges[i]), ptr);

                if (i < ranges_count - 1)
                        *(ptr++) = ' ';
        }

        return str;
}

/* end of bitmap helper extension */

static inline bool stm32l4_is_otp(struct flash_bank *bank)
{
        struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
        return bank->base == stm32l4_info->part_info->otp_base;
}

static int stm32l4_otp_enable(struct flash_bank *bank, bool enable)
{
        struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;

        if (!stm32l4_is_otp(bank))
                return ERROR_FAIL;

        char *op_str = enable ? "enabled" : "disabled";

        LOG_INFO("OTP memory (bank #%d) is %s%s for write commands",
                        bank->bank_number,
                        stm32l4_info->otp_enabled == enable ? "already " : "",
                        op_str);

        stm32l4_info->otp_enabled = enable;

        return ERROR_OK;
}

static inline bool stm32l4_otp_is_enabled(struct flash_bank *bank)
{
        struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
        return stm32l4_info->otp_enabled;
}

static void stm32l4_sync_rdp_tzen(struct flash_bank *bank, uint32_t optr_value)
{
        struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;

        bool tzen = false;

        if (stm32l4_info->part_info->flags & F_HAS_TZ)
                tzen = (optr_value & FLASH_TZEN) != 0;

        uint32_t rdp = optr_value & FLASH_RDP_MASK;

        /* for devices without TrustZone:
         *   RDP level 0 and 2 values are to 0xAA and 0xCC
         *   Any other value corresponds to RDP level 1
         * for devices with TrusZone:
         *   RDP level 0 and 2 values are 0xAA and 0xCC
         *   RDP level 0.5 value is 0x55 only if TZEN = 1
         *   Any other value corresponds to RDP level 1, including 0x55 if TZEN = 0
         */

        if (rdp != RDP_LEVEL_0 && rdp != RDP_LEVEL_2) {
                if (!tzen || (tzen && rdp != RDP_LEVEL_0_5))
                        rdp = RDP_LEVEL_1;
        }

        stm32l4_info->tzen = tzen;
        stm32l4_info->rdp = rdp;
}

static inline uint32_t stm32l4_get_flash_reg(struct flash_bank *bank, uint32_t reg_offset)
{
        struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
        return stm32l4_info->part_info->flash_regs_base + reg_offset;
}

static inline uint32_t stm32l4_get_flash_reg_by_index(struct flash_bank *bank,
        enum stm32l4_flash_reg_index reg_index)
{
        struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
        return stm32l4_get_flash_reg(bank, stm32l4_info->flash_regs[reg_index]);
}

static inline int stm32l4_read_flash_reg(struct flash_bank *bank, uint32_t reg_offset, uint32_t *value)
{
        return target_read_u32(bank->target, stm32l4_get_flash_reg(bank, reg_offset), value);
}

static inline int stm32l4_read_flash_reg_by_index(struct flash_bank *bank,
        enum stm32l4_flash_reg_index reg_index, uint32_t *value)
{
        struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
        return stm32l4_read_flash_reg(bank, stm32l4_info->flash_regs[reg_index], value);
}

static inline int stm32l4_write_flash_reg(struct flash_bank *bank, uint32_t reg_offset, uint32_t value)
{
        return target_write_u32(bank->target, stm32l4_get_flash_reg(bank, reg_offset), value);
}

static inline int stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(struct flash_bank *bank,
        enum stm32l4_flash_reg_index reg_index, uint32_t value)
{
        struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
        return stm32l4_write_flash_reg(bank, stm32l4_info->flash_regs[reg_index], value);
}

static int stm32l4_wait_status_busy(struct flash_bank *bank, int timeout)
{
        uint32_t status;
        int retval = ERROR_OK;

        /* wait for busy to clear */
        for (;;) {
                retval = stm32l4_read_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_SR_INDEX, &status);
                if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                        return retval;
                LOG_DEBUG("status: 0x%" PRIx32 "", status);
                if ((status & FLASH_BSY) == 0)
                        break;
                if (timeout-- <= 0) {
                        LOG_ERROR("timed out waiting for flash");
                        return ERROR_FAIL;
                }
                alive_sleep(1);
        }

        if (status & FLASH_WRPERR) {
                LOG_ERROR("stm32x device protected");
                retval = ERROR_FAIL;
        }

        /* Clear but report errors */
        if (status & FLASH_ERROR) {
                if (retval == ERROR_OK)
                        retval = ERROR_FAIL;
                /* If this operation fails, we ignore it and report the original
                 * retval
                 */
                stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_SR_INDEX, status & FLASH_ERROR);
        }

        return retval;
}

static int stm32l4_unlock_reg(struct flash_bank *bank)
{
        uint32_t ctrl;

        /* first check if not already unlocked
         * otherwise writing on STM32_FLASH_KEYR will fail
         */
        int retval = stm32l4_read_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX, &ctrl);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                return retval;

        if ((ctrl & FLASH_LOCK) == 0)
                return ERROR_OK;

        /* unlock flash registers */
        retval = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_KEYR_INDEX, KEY1);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                return retval;

        retval = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_KEYR_INDEX, KEY2);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                return retval;

        retval = stm32l4_read_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX, &ctrl);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                return retval;

        if (ctrl & FLASH_LOCK) {
                LOG_ERROR("flash not unlocked STM32_FLASH_CR: %" PRIx32, ctrl);
                return ERROR_TARGET_FAILURE;
        }

        return ERROR_OK;
}

static int stm32l4_unlock_option_reg(struct flash_bank *bank)
{
        uint32_t ctrl;

        int retval = stm32l4_read_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX, &ctrl);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                return retval;

        if ((ctrl & FLASH_OPTLOCK) == 0)
                return ERROR_OK;

        /* unlock option registers */
        retval = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_OPTKEYR_INDEX, OPTKEY1);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                return retval;

        retval = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_OPTKEYR_INDEX, OPTKEY2);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                return retval;

        retval = stm32l4_read_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX, &ctrl);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                return retval;

        if (ctrl & FLASH_OPTLOCK) {
                LOG_ERROR("options not unlocked STM32_FLASH_CR: %" PRIx32, ctrl);
                return ERROR_TARGET_FAILURE;
        }

        return ERROR_OK;
}

static int stm32l4_write_option(struct flash_bank *bank, uint32_t reg_offset,
        uint32_t value, uint32_t mask)
{
        uint32_t optiondata;
        int retval, retval2;

        retval = stm32l4_read_flash_reg(bank, reg_offset, &optiondata);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                return retval;

        retval = stm32l4_unlock_reg(bank);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                goto err_lock;

        retval = stm32l4_unlock_option_reg(bank);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                goto err_lock;

        optiondata = (optiondata & ~mask) | (value & mask);

        retval = stm32l4_write_flash_reg(bank, reg_offset, optiondata);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                goto err_lock;

        retval = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX, FLASH_OPTSTRT);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                goto err_lock;

        retval = stm32l4_wait_status_busy(bank, FLASH_ERASE_TIMEOUT);

err_lock:
        retval2 = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX, FLASH_LOCK | FLASH_OPTLOCK);

        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                return retval;

        return retval2;
}

static int stm32l4_get_one_wrpxy(struct flash_bank *bank, struct stm32l4_wrp *wrpxy,
                enum stm32l4_flash_reg_index reg_idx, int offset)
{
        struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
        int ret;

        wrpxy->reg_idx = reg_idx;
        wrpxy->offset = offset;

        ret = stm32l4_read_flash_reg_by_index(bank, wrpxy->reg_idx , &wrpxy->value);
        if (ret != ERROR_OK)
                return ret;

        wrpxy->first = (wrpxy->value & stm32l4_info->wrpxxr_mask) + wrpxy->offset;
        wrpxy->last = ((wrpxy->value >> 16) & stm32l4_info->wrpxxr_mask) + wrpxy->offset;
        wrpxy->used = wrpxy->first <= wrpxy->last;

        return ERROR_OK;
}

static int stm32l4_get_all_wrpxy(struct flash_bank *bank, enum stm32_bank_id dev_bank_id,
                struct stm32l4_wrp *wrpxy, unsigned int *n_wrp)
{
        struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
        int ret;

        *n_wrp = 0;

        /* for single bank devices there is 2 WRP regions.
         * for dual bank devices there is 2 WRP regions per bank,
         *   if configured as single bank only 2 WRP are usable
         *   except for STM32L4R/S/P/Q, G4 cat3, L5 ... all 4 WRP are usable
         * note: this should be revised, if a device will have the SWAP banks option
         */

        int wrp2y_sectors_offset = -1; /* -1 : unused */

        /* if bank_id is BANK1 or ALL_BANKS */
        if (dev_bank_id != STM32_BANK2) {
                /* get FLASH_WRP1AR */
                ret = stm32l4_get_one_wrpxy(bank, &wrpxy[(*n_wrp)++], STM32_FLASH_WRP1AR_INDEX, 0);
                if (ret != ERROR_OK)
                        return ret;

                /* get WRP1BR */
                ret = stm32l4_get_one_wrpxy(bank, &wrpxy[(*n_wrp)++], STM32_FLASH_WRP1BR_INDEX, 0);
                if (ret != ERROR_OK)
                        return ret;

                /* for some devices (like STM32L4R/S) in single-bank mode, the 4 WRPxx are usable */
                if ((stm32l4_info->part_info->flags & F_USE_ALL_WRPXX) && !stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode)
                        wrp2y_sectors_offset = 0;
        }

        /* if bank_id is BANK2 or ALL_BANKS */
        if (dev_bank_id != STM32_BANK1 && stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode)
                wrp2y_sectors_offset = stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors;

        if (wrp2y_sectors_offset > -1) {
                /* get WRP2AR */
                ret = stm32l4_get_one_wrpxy(bank, &wrpxy[(*n_wrp)++], STM32_FLASH_WRP2AR_INDEX, wrp2y_sectors_offset);
                if (ret != ERROR_OK)
                        return ret;

                /* get WRP2BR */
                ret = stm32l4_get_one_wrpxy(bank, &wrpxy[(*n_wrp)++], STM32_FLASH_WRP2BR_INDEX, wrp2y_sectors_offset);
                if (ret != ERROR_OK)
                        return ret;
        }

        return ERROR_OK;
}

static int stm32l4_write_one_wrpxy(struct flash_bank *bank, struct stm32l4_wrp *wrpxy)
{
        struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;

        int wrp_start = wrpxy->first - wrpxy->offset;
        int wrp_end = wrpxy->last - wrpxy->offset;

        uint32_t wrp_value = (wrp_start & stm32l4_info->wrpxxr_mask) | ((wrp_end & stm32l4_info->wrpxxr_mask) << 16);

        return stm32l4_write_option(bank, stm32l4_info->flash_regs[wrpxy->reg_idx], wrp_value, 0xffffffff);
}

static int stm32l4_write_all_wrpxy(struct flash_bank *bank, struct stm32l4_wrp *wrpxy, unsigned int n_wrp)
{
        int ret;

        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_wrp; i++) {
                ret = stm32l4_write_one_wrpxy(bank, &wrpxy[i]);
                if (ret != ERROR_OK)
                        return ret;
        }

        return ERROR_OK;
}

static int stm32l4_protect_check(struct flash_bank *bank)
{
        unsigned int n_wrp;
        struct stm32l4_wrp wrpxy[4];

        int ret = stm32l4_get_all_wrpxy(bank, STM32_ALL_BANKS, wrpxy, &n_wrp);
        if (ret != ERROR_OK)
                return ret;

        /* initialize all sectors as unprotected */
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < bank->num_sectors; i++)
                bank->sectors[i].is_protected = 0;

        /* now check WRPxy and mark the protected sectors */
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_wrp; i++) {
                if (wrpxy[i].used) {
                        for (int s = wrpxy[i].first; s <= wrpxy[i].last; s++)
                                bank->sectors[s].is_protected = 1;
                }
        }

        return ERROR_OK;
}

static int stm32l4_erase(struct flash_bank *bank, unsigned int first,
                unsigned int last)
{
        struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
        int retval, retval2;

        assert((first <= last) && (last < bank->num_sectors));

        if (stm32l4_is_otp(bank)) {
                LOG_ERROR("cannot erase OTP memory");
                return ERROR_FLASH_OPER_UNSUPPORTED;
        }

        if (bank->target->state != TARGET_HALTED) {
                LOG_ERROR("Target not halted");
                return ERROR_TARGET_NOT_HALTED;
        }

        retval = stm32l4_unlock_reg(bank);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                goto err_lock;

        /*
        Sector Erase
        To erase a sector, follow the procedure below:
        1. Check that no Flash memory operation is ongoing by
           checking the BSY bit in the FLASH_SR register
        2. Set the PER bit and select the page and bank
           you wish to erase in the FLASH_CR register
        3. Set the STRT bit in the FLASH_CR register
        4. Wait for the BSY bit to be cleared
         */

        for (unsigned int i = first; i <= last; i++) {
                uint32_t erase_flags;
                erase_flags = FLASH_PER | FLASH_STRT;

                if (i >= stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors) {
                        uint8_t snb;
                        snb = i - stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors;
                        erase_flags |= snb << FLASH_PAGE_SHIFT | FLASH_CR_BKER;
                } else
                        erase_flags |= i << FLASH_PAGE_SHIFT;
                retval = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX, erase_flags);
                if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                        break;

                retval = stm32l4_wait_status_busy(bank, FLASH_ERASE_TIMEOUT);
                if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                        break;

                bank->sectors[i].is_erased = 1;
        }

err_lock:
        retval2 = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX, FLASH_LOCK);

        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                return retval;

        return retval2;
}

static int stm32l4_protect(struct flash_bank *bank, int set, unsigned int first, unsigned int last)
{
        struct target *target = bank->target;
        struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
        int ret = ERROR_OK;
        unsigned int i;

        if (stm32l4_is_otp(bank)) {
                LOG_ERROR("cannot protect/unprotect OTP memory");
                return ERROR_FLASH_OPER_UNSUPPORTED;
        }

        if (target->state != TARGET_HALTED) {
                LOG_ERROR("Target not halted");
                return ERROR_TARGET_NOT_HALTED;
        }

        /* the requested sectors could be located into bank1 and/or bank2 */
        bool use_bank2 = false;
        if (last >= stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors) {
                if (first < stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors) {
                        /* the requested sectors for (un)protection are shared between
                         * bank 1 and 2, then split the operation */

                        /*  1- deal with bank 1 sectors */
                        LOG_DEBUG("The requested sectors for %s are shared between bank 1 and 2",
                                        set ? "protection" : "unprotection");
                        ret = stm32l4_protect(bank, set, first, stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors - 1);
                        if (ret != ERROR_OK)
                                return ret;

                        /*  2- then continue with bank 2 sectors */
                        first = stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors;
                }

                use_bank2 = true;
        }

        /* refresh the sectors' protection */
        ret = stm32l4_protect_check(bank);
        if (ret != ERROR_OK)
                return ret;

        /* check if the desired protection is already configured */
        for (i = first; i <= last; i++) {
                if (bank->sectors[i].is_protected != set)
                        break;
                else if (i == last) {
                        LOG_INFO("The specified sectors are already %s", set ? "protected" : "unprotected");
                        return ERROR_OK;
                }
        }

        /* all sectors from first to last (or part of them) could have different
         * protection other than the requested */
        unsigned int n_wrp;
        struct stm32l4_wrp wrpxy[4];

        ret = stm32l4_get_all_wrpxy(bank, use_bank2 ? STM32_BANK2 : STM32_BANK1, wrpxy, &n_wrp);
        if (ret != ERROR_OK)
                return ret;

        /* use bitmap and range helpers to optimize the WRP usage */
        DECLARE_BITMAP(pages, bank->num_sectors);
        bitmap_zero(pages, bank->num_sectors);

        for (i = 0; i < n_wrp; i++) {
                if (wrpxy[i].used) {
                        for (int p = wrpxy[i].first; p <= wrpxy[i].last; p++)
                                set_bit(p, pages);
                }
        }

        /* we have at most 'n_wrp' WRP areas
         * add one range if the user is trying to protect a fifth range */
        struct range ranges[n_wrp + 1];
        unsigned int ranges_count = 0;

        bitmap_to_ranges(pages, bank->num_sectors, ranges, &ranges_count);

        /* pretty-print the currently protected ranges */
        if (ranges_count > 0) {
                char *ranges_str = range_print_alloc(ranges, ranges_count);
                LOG_DEBUG("current protected areas: %s", ranges_str);
                free(ranges_str);
        } else
                LOG_DEBUG("current protected areas: none");

        if (set) { /* flash protect */
                for (i = first; i <= last; i++)
                        set_bit(i, pages);
        } else { /* flash unprotect */
                for (i = first; i <= last; i++)
                        clear_bit(i, pages);
        }

        /* check the ranges_count after the user request */
        bitmap_to_ranges(pages, bank->num_sectors, ranges, &ranges_count);

        /* pretty-print the requested areas for protection */
        if (ranges_count > 0) {
                char *ranges_str = range_print_alloc(ranges, ranges_count);
                LOG_DEBUG("requested areas for protection: %s", ranges_str);
                free(ranges_str);
        } else
                LOG_DEBUG("requested areas for protection: none");

        if (ranges_count > n_wrp) {
                LOG_ERROR("cannot set the requested protection "
                                "(only %u write protection areas are available)" , n_wrp);
                return ERROR_FAIL;
        }

        /* re-init all WRPxy as disabled (first > last)*/
        for (i = 0; i < n_wrp; i++) {
                wrpxy[i].first = wrpxy[i].offset + 1;
                wrpxy[i].last = wrpxy[i].offset;
        }

        /* then configure WRPxy areas */
        for (i = 0; i < ranges_count; i++) {
                wrpxy[i].first = ranges[i].start;
                wrpxy[i].last = ranges[i].end;
        }

        /* finally write WRPxy registers */
        return stm32l4_write_all_wrpxy(bank, wrpxy, n_wrp);
}

/* Count is in double-words */
static int stm32l4_write_block(struct flash_bank *bank, const uint8_t *buffer,
        uint32_t offset, uint32_t count)
{
        struct target *target = bank->target;
        uint32_t buffer_size;
        struct working_area *write_algorithm;
        struct working_area *source;
        uint32_t address = bank->base + offset;
        struct reg_param reg_params[6];
        struct armv7m_algorithm armv7m_info;
        int retval = ERROR_OK;

        static const uint8_t stm32l4_flash_write_code[] = {
#include "../../../contrib/loaders/flash/stm32/stm32l4x.inc"
        };

        if (target_alloc_working_area(target, sizeof(stm32l4_flash_write_code),
                        &write_algorithm) != ERROR_OK) {
                LOG_WARNING("no working area available, can't do block memory writes");
                return ERROR_TARGET_RESOURCE_NOT_AVAILABLE;
        }

        retval = target_write_buffer(target, write_algorithm->address,
                        sizeof(stm32l4_flash_write_code),
                        stm32l4_flash_write_code);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK) {
                target_free_working_area(target, write_algorithm);
                return retval;
        }

        /* memory buffer, size *must* be multiple of dword plus one dword for rp and one for wp */
        buffer_size = target_get_working_area_avail(target) & ~(2 * sizeof(uint32_t) - 1);
        if (buffer_size < 256) {
                LOG_WARNING("large enough working area not available, can't do block memory writes");
                return ERROR_TARGET_RESOURCE_NOT_AVAILABLE;
        } else if (buffer_size > 16384) {
                /* probably won't benefit from more than 16k ... */
                buffer_size = 16384;
        }

        if (target_alloc_working_area_try(target, buffer_size, &source) != ERROR_OK) {
                LOG_ERROR("allocating working area failed");
                return ERROR_TARGET_RESOURCE_NOT_AVAILABLE;
        }

        armv7m_info.common_magic = ARMV7M_COMMON_MAGIC;
        armv7m_info.core_mode = ARM_MODE_THREAD;

        init_reg_param(&reg_params[0], "r0", 32, PARAM_IN_OUT); /* buffer start, status (out) */
        init_reg_param(&reg_params[1], "r1", 32, PARAM_OUT);    /* buffer end */
        init_reg_param(&reg_params[2], "r2", 32, PARAM_OUT);    /* target address */
        init_reg_param(&reg_params[3], "r3", 32, PARAM_OUT);    /* count (double word-64bit) */
        init_reg_param(&reg_params[4], "r4", 32, PARAM_OUT);    /* flash status register */
        init_reg_param(&reg_params[5], "r5", 32, PARAM_OUT);    /* flash control register */

        buf_set_u32(reg_params[0].value, 0, 32, source->address);
        buf_set_u32(reg_params[1].value, 0, 32, source->address + source->size);
        buf_set_u32(reg_params[2].value, 0, 32, address);
        buf_set_u32(reg_params[3].value, 0, 32, count);
        buf_set_u32(reg_params[4].value, 0, 32, stm32l4_get_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_SR_INDEX));
        buf_set_u32(reg_params[5].value, 0, 32, stm32l4_get_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX));

        retval = target_run_flash_async_algorithm(target, buffer, count, 8,
                        0, NULL,
                        ARRAY_SIZE(reg_params), reg_params,
                        source->address, source->size,
                        write_algorithm->address, 0,
                        &armv7m_info);

        if (retval == ERROR_FLASH_OPERATION_FAILED) {
                LOG_ERROR("error executing stm32l4 flash write algorithm");

                uint32_t error = buf_get_u32(reg_params[0].value, 0, 32) & FLASH_ERROR;

                if (error & FLASH_WRPERR)
                        LOG_ERROR("flash memory write protected");

                if (error != 0) {
                        LOG_ERROR("flash write failed = %08" PRIx32, error);
                        /* Clear but report errors */
                        stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_SR_INDEX, error);
                        retval = ERROR_FAIL;
                }
        }

        target_free_working_area(target, source);
        target_free_working_area(target, write_algorithm);

        destroy_reg_param(&reg_params[0]);
        destroy_reg_param(&reg_params[1]);
        destroy_reg_param(&reg_params[2]);
        destroy_reg_param(&reg_params[3]);
        destroy_reg_param(&reg_params[4]);
        destroy_reg_param(&reg_params[5]);

        return retval;
}

static int stm32l4_write(struct flash_bank *bank, const uint8_t *buffer,
        uint32_t offset, uint32_t count)
{
        int retval = ERROR_OK, retval2;

        if (stm32l4_is_otp(bank) && !stm32l4_otp_is_enabled(bank)) {
                LOG_ERROR("OTP memory is disabled for write commands");
                return ERROR_FAIL;
        }

        if (bank->target->state != TARGET_HALTED) {
                LOG_ERROR("Target not halted");
                return ERROR_TARGET_NOT_HALTED;
        }

        /* The flash write must be aligned to a double word (8-bytes) boundary.
         * The flash infrastructure ensures it, do just a security check */
        assert(offset % 8 == 0);
        assert(count % 8 == 0);

        /* STM32G4xxx Cat. 3 devices may have gaps between banks, check whether
         * data to be written does not go into a gap:
         * suppose buffer is fully contained in bank from sector 0 to sector
         * num->sectors - 1 and sectors are ordered according to offset
         */
        struct flash_sector *head = &bank->sectors[0];
        struct flash_sector *tail = &bank->sectors[bank->num_sectors - 1];

        while ((head < tail) && (offset >= (head + 1)->offset)) {
                /* buffer does not intersect head nor gap behind head */
                head++;
        }

        while ((head < tail) && (offset + count <= (tail - 1)->offset + (tail - 1)->size)) {
                /* buffer does not intersect tail nor gap before tail */
                --tail;
        }

        LOG_DEBUG("data: 0x%08" PRIx32 " - 0x%08" PRIx32 ", sectors: 0x%08" PRIx32 " - 0x%08" PRIx32,
                offset, offset + count - 1, head->offset, tail->offset + tail->size - 1);

        /* Now check that there is no gap from head to tail, this should work
         * even for multiple or non-symmetric gaps
         */
        while (head < tail) {
                if (head->offset + head->size != (head + 1)->offset) {
                        LOG_ERROR("write into gap from " TARGET_ADDR_FMT " to " TARGET_ADDR_FMT,
                                bank->base + head->offset + head->size,
                                bank->base + (head + 1)->offset - 1);
                        retval = ERROR_FLASH_DST_OUT_OF_BANK;
                }
                head++;
        }

        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                return retval;

        retval = stm32l4_unlock_reg(bank);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                goto err_lock;

        retval = stm32l4_write_block(bank, buffer, offset, count / 8);

err_lock:
        retval2 = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX, FLASH_LOCK);

        if (retval != ERROR_OK) {
                LOG_ERROR("block write failed");
                return retval;
        }
        return retval2;
}

static int stm32l4_read_idcode(struct flash_bank *bank, uint32_t *id)
{
        int retval;

        /* try reading possible IDCODE registers, in the following order */
        uint32_t DBGMCU_IDCODE[] = {DBGMCU_IDCODE_L4_G4, DBGMCU_IDCODE_G0, DBGMCU_IDCODE_L5};

        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(DBGMCU_IDCODE); i++) {
                retval = target_read_u32(bank->target, DBGMCU_IDCODE[i], id);
                if ((retval == ERROR_OK) && ((*id & 0xfff) != 0) && ((*id & 0xfff) != 0xfff))
                        return ERROR_OK;
        }

        LOG_ERROR("can't get the device id");
        return (retval == ERROR_OK) ? ERROR_FAIL : retval;
}

static int stm32l4_probe(struct flash_bank *bank)
{
        struct target *target = bank->target;
        struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
        const struct stm32l4_part_info *part_info;
        uint16_t flash_size_kb = 0xffff;
        uint32_t device_id;
        uint32_t options;

        stm32l4_info->probed = false;

        /* read stm32 device id registers */
        int retval = stm32l4_read_idcode(bank, &stm32l4_info->idcode);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                return retval;

        device_id = stm32l4_info->idcode & 0xFFF;

        for (unsigned int n = 0; n < ARRAY_SIZE(stm32l4_parts); n++) {
                if (device_id == stm32l4_parts[n].id) {
                        stm32l4_info->part_info = &stm32l4_parts[n];
                        break;
                }
        }

        if (!stm32l4_info->part_info) {
                LOG_WARNING("Cannot identify target as an %s family device.", device_families);
                return ERROR_FAIL;
        }

        part_info = stm32l4_info->part_info;
        stm32l4_info->flash_regs = stm32l4_info->part_info->default_flash_regs;

        char device_info[1024];
        retval = bank->driver->info(bank, device_info, sizeof(device_info));
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                return retval;

        LOG_INFO("device idcode = 0x%08" PRIx32 " (%s)", stm32l4_info->idcode, device_info);

        /* read flash option register */
        retval = stm32l4_read_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_OPTR_INDEX, &options);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                return retval;

        stm32l4_sync_rdp_tzen(bank, options);

        if (part_info->flags & F_HAS_TZ)
                LOG_INFO("TZEN = %d : TrustZone %s by option bytes",
                                stm32l4_info->tzen,
                                stm32l4_info->tzen ? "enabled" : "disabled");

        LOG_INFO("RDP level %s (0x%02X)",
                        stm32l4_info->rdp == RDP_LEVEL_0 ? "0" : stm32l4_info->rdp == RDP_LEVEL_0_5 ? "0.5" : "1",
                        stm32l4_info->rdp);

        if (stm32l4_is_otp(bank)) {
                bank->size = part_info->otp_size;

                LOG_INFO("OTP size is %d bytes, base address is " TARGET_ADDR_FMT, bank->size, bank->base);

                /* OTP memory is considered as one sector */
                free(bank->sectors);
                bank->num_sectors = 1;
                bank->sectors = alloc_block_array(0, part_info->otp_size, 1);

                if (!bank->sectors) {
                        LOG_ERROR("failed to allocate bank sectors");
                        return ERROR_FAIL;
                }

                stm32l4_info->probed = true;
                return ERROR_OK;
        } else if (bank->base != STM32_FLASH_BANK_BASE) {
                LOG_ERROR("invalid bank base address");
                return ERROR_FAIL;
        }

        /* get flash size from target. */
        retval = target_read_u16(target, part_info->fsize_addr, &flash_size_kb);

        /* failed reading flash size or flash size invalid (early silicon),
         * default to max target family */
        if (retval != ERROR_OK || flash_size_kb == 0xffff || flash_size_kb == 0
                        || flash_size_kb > part_info->max_flash_size_kb) {
                LOG_WARNING("STM32 flash size failed, probe inaccurate - assuming %dk flash",
                        part_info->max_flash_size_kb);
                flash_size_kb = part_info->max_flash_size_kb;
        }

        /* if the user sets the size manually then ignore the probed value
         * this allows us to work around devices that have a invalid flash size register value */
        if (stm32l4_info->user_bank_size) {
                LOG_WARNING("overriding size register by configured bank size - MAY CAUSE TROUBLE");
                flash_size_kb = stm32l4_info->user_bank_size / 1024;
        }

        LOG_INFO("flash size = %dkbytes", flash_size_kb);

        /* did we assign a flash size? */
        assert((flash_size_kb != 0xffff) && flash_size_kb);

        stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = 0;
        stm32l4_info->hole_sectors = 0;

        int num_pages = 0;
        int page_size_kb = 0;

        stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode = false;
        bool use_dbank_bit = false;

        switch (device_id) {
        case 0x415: /* STM32L47/L48xx */
        case 0x461: /* STM32L49/L4Axx */
                /* if flash size is max (1M) the device is always dual bank
                 * 0x415: has variants with 512K
                 * 0x461: has variants with 512 and 256
                 * for these variants:
                 *   if DUAL_BANK = 0 -> single bank
                 *   else -> dual bank without gap
                 * note: the page size is invariant
                 */
                page_size_kb = 2;
                num_pages = flash_size_kb / page_size_kb;
                stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages;

                /* check DUAL_BANK bit[21] if the flash is less than 1M */
                if (flash_size_kb == 1024 || (options & BIT(21))) {
                        stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode = true;
                        stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages / 2;
                }
                break;
        case 0x435: /* STM32L43/L44xx */
        case 0x460: /* STM32G07/G08xx */
        case 0x462: /* STM32L45/L46xx */
        case 0x464: /* STM32L41/L42xx */
        case 0x466: /* STM32G03/G04xx */
        case 0x468: /* STM32G43/G44xx */
        case 0x479: /* STM32G49/G4Axx */
        case 0x497: /* STM32WLEx */
                /* single bank flash */
                page_size_kb = 2;
                num_pages = flash_size_kb / page_size_kb;
                stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages;
                break;
        case 0x469: /* STM32G47/G48xx */
                /* STM32G47/8 can be single/dual bank:
                 *   if DUAL_BANK = 0 -> single bank
                 *   else -> dual bank WITH gap
                 */
                page_size_kb = 4;
                num_pages = flash_size_kb / page_size_kb;
                stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages;
                if (options & BIT(22)) {
                        stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode = true;
                        page_size_kb = 2;
                        num_pages = flash_size_kb / page_size_kb;
                        stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages / 2;

                        /* for devices with trimmed flash, there is a gap between both banks */
                        stm32l4_info->hole_sectors =
                                (part_info->max_flash_size_kb - flash_size_kb) / (2 * page_size_kb);
                }
                break;
        case 0x470: /* STM32L4R/L4Sxx */
        case 0x471: /* STM32L4P5/L4Q5x */
                /* STM32L4R/S can be single/dual bank:
                 *   if size = 2M check DBANK bit(22)
                 *   if size = 1M check DB1M bit(21)
                 * STM32L4P/Q can be single/dual bank
                 *   if size = 1M check DBANK bit(22)
                 *   if size = 512K check DB512K bit(21)
                 */
                page_size_kb = 8;
                num_pages = flash_size_kb / page_size_kb;
                stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages;
                use_dbank_bit = flash_size_kb == part_info->max_flash_size_kb;
                if ((use_dbank_bit && (options & BIT(22))) ||
                        (!use_dbank_bit && (options & BIT(21)))) {
                        stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode = true;
                        page_size_kb = 4;
                        num_pages = flash_size_kb / page_size_kb;
                        stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages / 2;
                }
                break;
        case 0x472: /* STM32L55/L56xx */
                /* STM32L55/L56xx can be single/dual bank:
                 *   if size = 512K check DBANK bit(22)
                 *   if size = 256K check DB256K bit(21)
                 */
                page_size_kb = 4;
                num_pages = flash_size_kb / page_size_kb;
                stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages;
                use_dbank_bit = flash_size_kb == part_info->max_flash_size_kb;
                if ((use_dbank_bit && (options & BIT(22))) ||
                        (!use_dbank_bit && (options & BIT(21)))) {
                        stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode = true;
                        page_size_kb = 2;
                        num_pages = flash_size_kb / page_size_kb;
                        stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages / 2;
                }
                break;
        case 0x495: /* STM32WB5x */
        case 0x496: /* STM32WB3x */
                /* single bank flash */
                page_size_kb = 4;
                num_pages = flash_size_kb / page_size_kb;
                stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages;
                break;
        default:
                LOG_ERROR("unsupported device");
                return ERROR_FAIL;
        }

        LOG_INFO("flash mode : %s-bank", stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode ? "dual" : "single");

        const int gap_size_kb = stm32l4_info->hole_sectors * page_size_kb;

        if (gap_size_kb != 0) {
                LOG_INFO("gap detected from 0x%08x to 0x%08x",
                        STM32_FLASH_BANK_BASE + stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors
                                * page_size_kb * 1024,
                        STM32_FLASH_BANK_BASE + (stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors
                                * page_size_kb + gap_size_kb) * 1024 - 1);
        }

        /* number of significant bits in WRPxxR differs per device,
         * always right adjusted, on some devices non-implemented
         * bits read as '0', on others as '1' ...
         * notably G4 Cat. 2 implement only 6 bits, contradicting the RM
         */

        /* use *max_flash_size* instead of actual size as the trimmed versions
         * certainly use the same number of bits
         * max_flash_size is always power of two, so max_pages too
         */
        uint32_t max_pages = stm32l4_info->part_info->max_flash_size_kb / page_size_kb;
        assert((max_pages & (max_pages - 1)) == 0);

        /* in dual bank mode number of pages is doubled, but extra bit is bank selection */
        stm32l4_info->wrpxxr_mask = ((max_pages >> (stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode ? 1 : 0)) - 1);
        assert((stm32l4_info->wrpxxr_mask & 0xFFFF0000) == 0);
        LOG_DEBUG("WRPxxR mask 0x%04" PRIx16, (uint16_t)stm32l4_info->wrpxxr_mask);

        free(bank->sectors);

        bank->size = (flash_size_kb + gap_size_kb) * 1024;
        bank->num_sectors = num_pages;
        bank->sectors = malloc(sizeof(struct flash_sector) * bank->num_sectors);
        if (bank->sectors == NULL) {
                LOG_ERROR("failed to allocate bank sectors");
                return ERROR_FAIL;
        }

        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < bank->num_sectors; i++) {
                bank->sectors[i].offset = i * page_size_kb * 1024;
                /* in dual bank configuration, if there is a gap between banks
                 * we fix up the sector offset to consider this gap */
                if (i >= stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors && stm32l4_info->hole_sectors)
                        bank->sectors[i].offset += gap_size_kb * 1024;
                bank->sectors[i].size = page_size_kb * 1024;
                bank->sectors[i].is_erased = -1;
                bank->sectors[i].is_protected = 1;
        }

        stm32l4_info->probed = true;
        return ERROR_OK;
}

static int stm32l4_auto_probe(struct flash_bank *bank)
{
        struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
        if (stm32l4_info->probed)
                return ERROR_OK;

        return stm32l4_probe(bank);
}

static int get_stm32l4_info(struct flash_bank *bank, char *buf, int buf_size)
{
        struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
        const struct stm32l4_part_info *part_info = stm32l4_info->part_info;

        if (part_info) {
                const char *rev_str = NULL;
                uint16_t rev_id = stm32l4_info->idcode >> 16;
                for (unsigned int i = 0; i < part_info->num_revs; i++) {
                        if (rev_id == part_info->revs[i].rev) {
                                rev_str = part_info->revs[i].str;
                                break;
                        }
                }

                int buf_len = snprintf(buf, buf_size, "%s - Rev %s : 0x%04x",
                                part_info->device_str, rev_str ? rev_str : "'unknown'", rev_id);

                if (stm32l4_info->probed)
                        snprintf(buf + buf_len, buf_size - buf_len, " - %s-bank",
                                        stm32l4_is_otp(bank) ? "OTP" :
                                        stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode ? "Flash dual" : "Flash single");

                return ERROR_OK;
        } else {
                snprintf(buf, buf_size, "Cannot identify target as an %s device", device_families);
                return ERROR_FAIL;
        }

        return ERROR_OK;
}

static int stm32l4_mass_erase(struct flash_bank *bank)
{
        int retval, retval2;
        struct target *target = bank->target;
        struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;

        if (stm32l4_is_otp(bank)) {
                LOG_ERROR("cannot erase OTP memory");
                return ERROR_FLASH_OPER_UNSUPPORTED;
        }

        uint32_t action = FLASH_MER1;

        if (stm32l4_info->part_info->flags & F_HAS_DUAL_BANK)
                action |= FLASH_MER2;

        if (target->state != TARGET_HALTED) {
                LOG_ERROR("Target not halted");
                return ERROR_TARGET_NOT_HALTED;
        }

        retval = stm32l4_unlock_reg(bank);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                goto err_lock;

        /* mass erase flash memory */
        retval = stm32l4_wait_status_busy(bank, FLASH_ERASE_TIMEOUT / 10);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                goto err_lock;

        retval = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX, action);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                goto err_lock;

        retval = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX, action | FLASH_STRT);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                goto err_lock;

        retval = stm32l4_wait_status_busy(bank, FLASH_ERASE_TIMEOUT);

err_lock:
        retval2 = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX, FLASH_LOCK);

        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                return retval;

        return retval2;
}

COMMAND_HANDLER(stm32l4_handle_mass_erase_command)
{
        if (CMD_ARGC < 1) {
                command_print(CMD, "stm32l4x mass_erase <STM32L4 bank>");
                return ERROR_COMMAND_SYNTAX_ERROR;
        }

        struct flash_bank *bank;
        int retval = CALL_COMMAND_HANDLER(flash_command_get_bank, 0, &bank);
        if (ERROR_OK != retval)
                return retval;

        retval = stm32l4_mass_erase(bank);
        if (retval == ERROR_OK) {
                /* set all sectors as erased */
                for (unsigned int i = 0; i < bank->num_sectors; i++)
                        bank->sectors[i].is_erased = 1;

                command_print(CMD, "stm32l4x mass erase complete");
        } else {
                command_print(CMD, "stm32l4x mass erase failed");
        }

        return retval;
}

COMMAND_HANDLER(stm32l4_handle_option_read_command)
{
        if (CMD_ARGC < 2) {
                command_print(CMD, "stm32l4x option_read <STM32L4 bank> <option_reg offset>");
                return ERROR_COMMAND_SYNTAX_ERROR;
        }

        struct flash_bank *bank;
        int retval = CALL_COMMAND_HANDLER(flash_command_get_bank, 0, &bank);
        if (ERROR_OK != retval)
                return retval;

        uint32_t reg_offset, reg_addr;
        uint32_t value = 0;

        reg_offset = strtoul(CMD_ARGV[1], NULL, 16);
        reg_addr = stm32l4_get_flash_reg(bank, reg_offset);

        retval = stm32l4_read_flash_reg(bank, reg_offset, &value);
        if (ERROR_OK != retval)
                return retval;

        command_print(CMD, "Option Register: <0x%" PRIx32 "> = 0x%" PRIx32 "", reg_addr, value);

        return retval;
}

COMMAND_HANDLER(stm32l4_handle_option_write_command)
{
        if (CMD_ARGC < 3) {
                command_print(CMD, "stm32l4x option_write <STM32L4 bank> <option_reg offset> <value> [mask]");
                return ERROR_COMMAND_SYNTAX_ERROR;
        }

        struct flash_bank *bank;
        int retval = CALL_COMMAND_HANDLER(flash_command_get_bank, 0, &bank);
        if (ERROR_OK != retval)
                return retval;

        uint32_t reg_offset;
        uint32_t value = 0;
        uint32_t mask = 0xFFFFFFFF;

        reg_offset = strtoul(CMD_ARGV[1], NULL, 16);
        value = strtoul(CMD_ARGV[2], NULL, 16);
        if (CMD_ARGC > 3)
                mask = strtoul(CMD_ARGV[3], NULL, 16);

        command_print(CMD, "%s Option written.\n"
                                "INFO: a reset or power cycle is required "
                                "for the new settings to take effect.", bank->driver->name);

        retval = stm32l4_write_option(bank, reg_offset, value, mask);
        return retval;
}

COMMAND_HANDLER(stm32l4_handle_option_load_command)
{
        if (CMD_ARGC != 1)
                return ERROR_COMMAND_SYNTAX_ERROR;

        struct flash_bank *bank;
        int retval = CALL_COMMAND_HANDLER(flash_command_get_bank, 0, &bank);
        if (ERROR_OK != retval)
                return retval;

        retval = stm32l4_unlock_reg(bank);
        if (ERROR_OK != retval)
                return retval;

        retval = stm32l4_unlock_option_reg(bank);
        if (ERROR_OK != retval)
                return retval;

        /* Set OBL_LAUNCH bit in CR -> system reset and option bytes reload,
         * but the RMs explicitly do *NOT* list this as power-on reset cause, and:
         * "Note: If the read protection is set while the debugger is still
         * connected through JTAG/SWD, apply a POR (power-on reset) instead of a system reset."
         */
        retval = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX, FLASH_OBL_LAUNCH);

        command_print(CMD, "stm32l4x option load completed. Power-on reset might be required");

        /* Need to re-probe after change */
        struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
        stm32l4_info->probed = false;

        return retval;
}

COMMAND_HANDLER(stm32l4_handle_lock_command)
{
        struct target *target = NULL;

        if (CMD_ARGC < 1)
                return ERROR_COMMAND_SYNTAX_ERROR;

        struct flash_bank *bank;
        int retval = CALL_COMMAND_HANDLER(flash_command_get_bank, 0, &bank);
        if (ERROR_OK != retval)
                return retval;

        if (stm32l4_is_otp(bank)) {
                LOG_ERROR("cannot lock/unlock OTP memory");
                return ERROR_FLASH_OPER_UNSUPPORTED;
        }

        target = bank->target;

        if (target->state != TARGET_HALTED) {
                LOG_ERROR("Target not halted");
                return ERROR_TARGET_NOT_HALTED;
        }

        /* set readout protection level 1 by erasing the RDP option byte */
        struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
        if (stm32l4_write_option(bank, stm32l4_info->flash_regs[STM32_FLASH_OPTR_INDEX],
                        RDP_LEVEL_1, FLASH_RDP_MASK) != ERROR_OK) {
                command_print(CMD, "%s failed to lock device", bank->driver->name);
                return ERROR_OK;
        }

        return ERROR_OK;
}

COMMAND_HANDLER(stm32l4_handle_unlock_command)
{
        struct target *target = NULL;

        if (CMD_ARGC < 1)
                return ERROR_COMMAND_SYNTAX_ERROR;

        struct flash_bank *bank;
        int retval = CALL_COMMAND_HANDLER(flash_command_get_bank, 0, &bank);
        if (ERROR_OK != retval)
                return retval;

        if (stm32l4_is_otp(bank)) {
                LOG_ERROR("cannot lock/unlock OTP memory");
                return ERROR_FLASH_OPER_UNSUPPORTED;
        }

        target = bank->target;

        if (target->state != TARGET_HALTED) {
                LOG_ERROR("Target not halted");
                return ERROR_TARGET_NOT_HALTED;
        }

        struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
        if (stm32l4_write_option(bank, stm32l4_info->flash_regs[STM32_FLASH_OPTR_INDEX],
                        RDP_LEVEL_0, FLASH_RDP_MASK) != ERROR_OK) {
                command_print(CMD, "%s failed to unlock device", bank->driver->name);
                return ERROR_OK;
        }

        return ERROR_OK;
}

COMMAND_HANDLER(stm32l4_handle_wrp_info_command)
{
        if (CMD_ARGC < 1 || CMD_ARGC > 2)
                return ERROR_COMMAND_SYNTAX_ERROR;

        struct flash_bank *bank;
        int retval = CALL_COMMAND_HANDLER(flash_command_get_bank, 0, &bank);
        if (ERROR_OK != retval)
                return retval;

        if (stm32l4_is_otp(bank)) {
                LOG_ERROR("OTP memory does not have write protection areas");
                return ERROR_FLASH_OPER_UNSUPPORTED;
        }

        struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
        enum stm32_bank_id dev_bank_id = STM32_ALL_BANKS;
        if (CMD_ARGC == 2) {
                if (strcmp(CMD_ARGV[1], "bank1") == 0)
                        dev_bank_id = STM32_BANK1;
                else if (strcmp(CMD_ARGV[1], "bank2") == 0)
                        dev_bank_id = STM32_BANK2;
                else
                        return ERROR_COMMAND_ARGUMENT_INVALID;
        }

        if (dev_bank_id == STM32_BANK2) {
                if (!(stm32l4_info->part_info->flags & F_HAS_DUAL_BANK)) {
                        LOG_ERROR("this device has no second bank");
                        return ERROR_FAIL;
                } else if (!stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode) {
                        LOG_ERROR("this device is configured in single bank mode");
                        return ERROR_FAIL;
                }
        }

        int ret;
        unsigned int n_wrp, i;
        struct stm32l4_wrp wrpxy[4];

        ret = stm32l4_get_all_wrpxy(bank, dev_bank_id, wrpxy, &n_wrp);
        if (ret != ERROR_OK)
                return ret;

        /* use bitmap and range helpers to better describe protected areas */
        DECLARE_BITMAP(pages, bank->num_sectors);
        bitmap_zero(pages, bank->num_sectors);

        for (i = 0; i < n_wrp; i++) {
                if (wrpxy[i].used) {
                        for (int p = wrpxy[i].first; p <= wrpxy[i].last; p++)
                                set_bit(p, pages);
                }
        }

        /* we have at most 'n_wrp' WRP areas */
        struct range ranges[n_wrp];
        unsigned int ranges_count = 0;

        bitmap_to_ranges(pages, bank->num_sectors, ranges, &ranges_count);

        if (ranges_count > 0) {
                /* pretty-print the protected ranges */
                char *ranges_str = range_print_alloc(ranges, ranges_count);
                command_print(CMD, "protected areas: %s", ranges_str);
                free(ranges_str);
        } else
                command_print(CMD, "no protected areas");

        return ERROR_OK;
}

COMMAND_HANDLER(stm32l4_handle_otp_command)
{
        if (CMD_ARGC < 2)
                return ERROR_COMMAND_SYNTAX_ERROR;

        struct flash_bank *bank;
        int retval = CALL_COMMAND_HANDLER(flash_command_get_bank, 0, &bank);
        if (ERROR_OK != retval)
                return retval;

        if (!stm32l4_is_otp(bank)) {
                command_print(CMD, "the specified bank is not an OTP memory");
                return ERROR_FAIL;
        }
        if (strcmp(CMD_ARGV[1], "enable") == 0)
                stm32l4_otp_enable(bank, true);
        else if (strcmp(CMD_ARGV[1], "disable") == 0)
                stm32l4_otp_enable(bank, false);
        else if (strcmp(CMD_ARGV[1], "show") == 0)
                command_print(CMD, "OTP memory bank #%d is %s for write commands.",
                                bank->bank_number, stm32l4_otp_is_enabled(bank) ? "enabled" : "disabled");
        else
                return ERROR_COMMAND_SYNTAX_ERROR;

        return ERROR_OK;
}

static const struct command_registration stm32l4_exec_command_handlers[] = {
        {
                .name = "lock",
                .handler = stm32l4_handle_lock_command,
                .mode = COMMAND_EXEC,
                .usage = "bank_id",
                .help = "Lock entire flash device.",
        },
        {
                .name = "unlock",
                .handler = stm32l4_handle_unlock_command,
                .mode = COMMAND_EXEC,
                .usage = "bank_id",
                .help = "Unlock entire protected flash device.",
        },
        {
                .name = "mass_erase",
                .handler = stm32l4_handle_mass_erase_command,
                .mode = COMMAND_EXEC,
                .usage = "bank_id",
                .help = "Erase entire flash device.",
        },
        {
                .name = "option_read",
                .handler = stm32l4_handle_option_read_command,
                .mode = COMMAND_EXEC,
                .usage = "bank_id reg_offset",
                .help = "Read & Display device option bytes.",
        },
        {
                .name = "option_write",
                .handler = stm32l4_handle_option_write_command,
                .mode = COMMAND_EXEC,
                .usage = "bank_id reg_offset value mask",
                .help = "Write device option bit fields with provided value.",
        },
        {
                .name = "wrp_info",
                .handler = stm32l4_handle_wrp_info_command,
                .mode = COMMAND_EXEC,
                .usage = "bank_id [bank1|bank2]",
                .help = "list the protected areas using WRP",
        },
        {
                .name = "option_load",
                .handler = stm32l4_handle_option_load_command,
                .mode = COMMAND_EXEC,
                .usage = "bank_id",
                .help = "Force re-load of device options (will cause device reset).",
        },
        {
                .name = "otp",
                .handler = stm32l4_handle_otp_command,
                .mode = COMMAND_EXEC,
                .usage = "<bank_id> <enable|disable|show>",
                .help = "OTP (One Time Programmable) memory write enable/disable",
        },
        COMMAND_REGISTRATION_DONE
};

static const struct command_registration stm32l4_command_handlers[] = {
        {
                .name = "stm32l4x",
                .mode = COMMAND_ANY,
                .help = "stm32l4x flash command group",
                .usage = "",
                .chain = stm32l4_exec_command_handlers,
        },
        COMMAND_REGISTRATION_DONE
};

const struct flash_driver stm32l4x_flash = {
        .name = "stm32l4x",
        .commands = stm32l4_command_handlers,
        .flash_bank_command = stm32l4_flash_bank_command,
        .erase = stm32l4_erase,
        .protect = stm32l4_protect,
        .write = stm32l4_write,
        .read = default_flash_read,
        .probe = stm32l4_probe,
        .auto_probe = stm32l4_auto_probe,
        .erase_check = default_flash_blank_check,
        .protect_check = stm32l4_protect_check,
        .info = get_stm32l4_info,
        .free_driver_priv = default_flash_free_driver_priv,
};