mips32, write handler code in a more compact way
[openocd.git] / src / target / mips32_pracc.c
index 64acc700be694f364ccdac2ef3042a07c40b1c37..45d22427313b181e8d26c37bc17ea47e2d843953 100644 (file)
@@ -20,9 +20,7 @@
  *   GNU General Public License for more details.                          *
  *                                                                         *
  *   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License     *
- *   along with this program; if not, write to the                         *
- *   Free Software Foundation, Inc.,                                       *
- *   51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.           *
+ *   along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. *
  ***************************************************************************/
 
 /*
  * The original code contained NOPs. I have removed these and moved
  * the branches.
  *
- * I also moved the PRACC_STACK to 0xFF204000. This allows
- * the use of 16 bits offsets to get pointers to the input
- * and output area relative to the stack. Note that the stack
- * isn't really a stack (the stack pointer is not 'moving')
- * but a FIFO simulated in software.
- *
  * These changes result in a 35% speed increase when programming an
  * external flash.
  *
 #include "mips32.h"
 #include "mips32_pracc.h"
 
-struct mips32_pracc_context {
-       uint32_t *local_iparam;
-       int num_iparam;
-       uint32_t *local_oparam;
-       int num_oparam;
-       const uint32_t *code;
-       int code_len;
-       uint32_t stack[32];
-       int stack_offset;
-       struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info;
-};
-
-static int wait_for_pracc_rw(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t *ctrl)
+static int wait_for_pracc_rw(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info)
 {
-       uint32_t ejtag_ctrl;
-       long long then = timeval_ms();
-       int timeout;
-       int retval;
+       int64_t then = timeval_ms();
 
        /* wait for the PrAcc to become "1" */
        mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_CONTROL);
 
        while (1) {
-               ejtag_ctrl = ejtag_info->ejtag_ctrl;
-               retval = mips_ejtag_drscan_32(ejtag_info, &ejtag_ctrl);
+               ejtag_info->pa_ctrl = ejtag_info->ejtag_ctrl;
+               int retval = mips_ejtag_drscan_32(ejtag_info, &ejtag_info->pa_ctrl);
                if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                        return retval;
 
-               if (ejtag_ctrl & EJTAG_CTRL_PRACC)
+               if (ejtag_info->pa_ctrl & EJTAG_CTRL_PRACC)
                        break;
 
-               timeout = timeval_ms() - then;
+               int64_t timeout = timeval_ms() - then;
                if (timeout > 1000) {
                        LOG_DEBUG("DEBUGMODULE: No memory access in progress!");
                        return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
                }
        }
 
-       *ctrl = ejtag_ctrl;
        return ERROR_OK;
 }
 
-static int mips32_pracc_exec_read(struct mips32_pracc_context *ctx, uint32_t address)
+/* Shift in control and address for a new processor access, save them in ejtag_info */
+static int mips32_pracc_read_ctrl_addr(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info)
 {
-       struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info = ctx->ejtag_info;
-       int offset;
-       uint32_t ejtag_ctrl, data;
-
-       if ((address >= MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)
-               && (address < MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN + ctx->num_iparam * 4)) {
-               offset = (address - MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN) / 4;
-               data = ctx->local_iparam[offset];
-       } else if ((address >= MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)
-               && (address < MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT + ctx->num_oparam * 4)) {
-               offset = (address - MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT) / 4;
-               data = ctx->local_oparam[offset];
-       } else if ((address >= MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT)
-               && (address < MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT + ctx->code_len * 4)) {
-               offset = (address - MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT) / 4;
-               data = ctx->code[offset];
-       } else if (address == MIPS32_PRACC_STACK) {
-               if (ctx->stack_offset <= 0) {
-                       LOG_ERROR("Error: Pracc stack out of bounds");
-                       return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
-               }
-               /* save to our debug stack */
-               data = ctx->stack[--ctx->stack_offset];
-       } else if (address >= 0xFF200000) {
-               /* CPU keeps reading at the end of execution.
-                * If we after 0xF0000000  address range, we can use
-                * one shot jump instruction.
-                * Since this instruction is limited to
-                * 26bit, we need to do some magic to fit it to our needs. */
-               LOG_DEBUG("Reading unexpected address. Jump to 0xFF200200\n");
-               data = MIPS32_J((0x0FFFFFFF & 0xFF200200) >> 2);
-       } else {
-               LOG_ERROR("Error reading unexpected address 0x%8.8" PRIx32 "", address);
-               return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
-       }
+       int retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info);
+       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
+               return retval;
 
-       /* Send the data out */
-       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ctx->ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_DATA);
-       mips_ejtag_drscan_32_out(ctx->ejtag_info, data);
+       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_ADDRESS);
 
-       /* Clear the access pending bit (let the processor eat!) */
-       ejtag_ctrl = ejtag_info->ejtag_ctrl & ~EJTAG_CTRL_PRACC;
-       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ctx->ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_CONTROL);
-       mips_ejtag_drscan_32_out(ctx->ejtag_info, ejtag_ctrl);
+       ejtag_info->pa_addr = 0;
+       return  mips_ejtag_drscan_32(ejtag_info, &ejtag_info->pa_addr);
+}
 
-       return jtag_execute_queue();
+/* Finish processor access */
+static void mips32_pracc_finish(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info)
+{
+       uint32_t ctrl = ejtag_info->ejtag_ctrl & ~EJTAG_CTRL_PRACC;
+       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_CONTROL);
+       mips_ejtag_drscan_32_out(ejtag_info, ctrl);
 }
 
-static int mips32_pracc_exec_write(struct mips32_pracc_context *ctx, uint32_t address)
+int mips32_pracc_clean_text_jump(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info)
 {
-       uint32_t ejtag_ctrl, data;
-       int offset;
-       struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info = ctx->ejtag_info;
-       int retval;
+       uint32_t jt_code = MIPS32_J((0x0FFFFFFF & MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT) >> 2);
 
-       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ctx->ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_DATA);
-       retval = mips_ejtag_drscan_32(ctx->ejtag_info, &data);
-       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
-               return retval;
+       /* do 3 0/nops to clean pipeline before a jump to pracc text, NOP in delay slot */
+       for (int i = 0; i != 5; i++) {
+               /* Wait for pracc */
+               int retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info);
+               if (retval != ERROR_OK)
+                       return retval;
 
-       /* Clear access pending bit */
-       ejtag_ctrl = ejtag_info->ejtag_ctrl & ~EJTAG_CTRL_PRACC;
-       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ctx->ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_CONTROL);
-       mips_ejtag_drscan_32_out(ctx->ejtag_info, ejtag_ctrl);
+               /* Data or instruction out */
+               mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_DATA);
+               uint32_t data = (i == 3) ? jt_code : MIPS32_NOP;
+               mips_ejtag_drscan_32_out(ejtag_info, data);
 
-       retval = jtag_execute_queue();
-       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
-               return retval;
+               /* finish pa */
+               mips32_pracc_finish(ejtag_info);
+       }
 
-       if ((address >= MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)
-               && (address < MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT + ctx->num_oparam * 4)) {
-               offset = (address - MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT) / 4;
-               ctx->local_oparam[offset] = data;
-       } else if (address == MIPS32_PRACC_STACK) {
-               if (ctx->stack_offset >= 32) {
-                       LOG_ERROR("Error: Pracc stack out of bounds");
-                       return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
-               }
-               /* save data onto our stack */
-               ctx->stack[ctx->stack_offset++] = data;
-       } else {
-               LOG_ERROR("Error writing unexpected address 0x%8.8" PRIx32 "", address);
-               return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
+       if (ejtag_info->mode != 0)      /* async mode support only for MIPS ... */
+               return ERROR_OK;
+
+       for (int i = 0; i != 2; i++) {
+               int retval = mips32_pracc_read_ctrl_addr(ejtag_info);
+               if (retval != ERROR_OK)
+                       return retval;
+
+               if (ejtag_info->pa_addr != MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT) {         /* LEXRA/BMIPS ?, shift out another NOP, max 2 */
+                       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_DATA);
+                       mips_ejtag_drscan_32_out(ejtag_info, MIPS32_NOP);
+                       mips32_pracc_finish(ejtag_info);
+               } else
+                       break;
        }
 
        return ERROR_OK;
 }
 
-int mips32_pracc_exec(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, int code_len, const uint32_t *code,
-               int num_param_in, uint32_t *param_in, int num_param_out, uint32_t *param_out, int cycle)
+int mips32_pracc_exec(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, struct pracc_queue_info *ctx, uint32_t *param_out)
 {
-       uint32_t ejtag_ctrl;
-       uint32_t address;
-       struct mips32_pracc_context ctx;
+       int code_count = 0;
+       int store_pending = 0;          /* increases with every store instruction at dmseg, decreases with every store pa */
+       uint32_t max_store_addr = 0;    /* for store pa address testing */
+       bool restart = 0;               /* restarting control */
+       int restart_count = 0;
+       uint32_t instr = 0;
+       bool final_check = 0;           /* set to 1 if in final checks after function code shifted out */
+       bool pass = 0;                  /* to check the pass through pracc text after function code sent */
        int retval;
-       int pass = 0;
-
-       ctx.local_iparam = param_in;
-       ctx.local_oparam = param_out;
-       ctx.num_iparam = num_param_in;
-       ctx.num_oparam = num_param_out;
-       ctx.code = code;
-       ctx.code_len = code_len;
-       ctx.ejtag_info = ejtag_info;
-       ctx.stack_offset = 0;
 
        while (1) {
-               retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info, &ejtag_ctrl);
-               if (retval != ERROR_OK)
-                       return retval;
+               if (restart) {
+                       if (restart_count < 3) {                                        /* max 3 restarts allowed */
+                               retval = mips32_pracc_clean_text_jump(ejtag_info);
+                               if (retval != ERROR_OK)
+                                       return retval;
+                       } else
+                               return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
+                       restart_count++;
+                       restart = 0;
+                       code_count = 0;
+                       LOG_DEBUG("restarting code");
+               }
 
-               address = 0;
-               mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_ADDRESS);
-               retval = mips_ejtag_drscan_32(ejtag_info, &address);
+               retval = mips32_pracc_read_ctrl_addr(ejtag_info);               /* update current pa info: control and address */
                if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                        return retval;
 
-               /* Check for read or write */
-               if (ejtag_ctrl & EJTAG_CTRL_PRNW) {
-                       retval = mips32_pracc_exec_write(&ctx, address);
-                       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
-                               return retval;
-               } else {
-                       /* Check to see if its reading at the debug vector. The first pass through
-                        * the module is always read at the vector, so the first one we allow.  When
-                        * the second read from the vector occurs we are done and just exit. */
-                       if ((address == MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT) && (pass++))
-                               break;
+               /* Check for read or write access */
+               if (ejtag_info->pa_ctrl & EJTAG_CTRL_PRNW) {                                            /* write/store access */
+                       /* Check for pending store from a previous store instruction at dmseg */
+                       if (store_pending == 0) {
+                               LOG_DEBUG("unexpected write at address %" PRIx32, ejtag_info->pa_addr);
+                               if (code_count < 2) {   /* allow for restart */
+                                       restart = 1;
+                                       continue;
+                               } else
+                                       return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
+                       } else {
+                               /* check address */
+                               if (ejtag_info->pa_addr < MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT || ejtag_info->pa_addr > max_store_addr) {
 
-                       retval = mips32_pracc_exec_read(&ctx, address);
+                                       LOG_DEBUG("writing at unexpected address %" PRIx32, ejtag_info->pa_addr);
+                                       return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
+                               }
+                       }
+                       /* read data */
+                       uint32_t data = 0;
+                       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_DATA);
+                       retval = mips_ejtag_drscan_32(ejtag_info, &data);
                        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                                return retval;
-               }
 
-               if (cycle == 0)
-                       break;
-       }
+                       /* store data at param out, address based offset */
+                       param_out[(ejtag_info->pa_addr - MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT) / 4] = data;
+                       store_pending--;
+
+               } else {                                        /* read/fetch access */
+                        if (!final_check) {                    /* executing function code */
+                               /* check address */
+                               if (ejtag_info->pa_addr != (MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT + code_count * 4)) {
+                                       LOG_DEBUG("reading at unexpected address %" PRIx32 ", expected %x",
+                                                       ejtag_info->pa_addr, MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT + code_count * 4);
+
+                                       /* restart code execution only in some cases */
+                                       if (code_count == 1 && ejtag_info->pa_addr == MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT && restart_count == 0) {
+                                               LOG_DEBUG("restarting, without clean jump");
+                                               restart_count++;
+                                               code_count = 0;
+                                               continue;
+                                       } else if (code_count < 2) {
+                                               restart = 1;
+                                               continue;
+                                       }
+
+                                       return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
+                               }
+                               /* check for store instruction at dmseg */
+                               uint32_t store_addr = ctx->pracc_list[ctx->max_code + code_count];
+                               if (store_addr != 0) {
+                                       if (store_addr > max_store_addr)
+                                               max_store_addr = store_addr;
+                                       store_pending++;
+                               }
+
+                               instr = ctx->pracc_list[code_count++];
+                               if (code_count == ctx->code_count)      /* last instruction, start final check */
+                                       final_check = 1;
+
+                        } else {       /* final check after function code shifted out */
+                                       /* check address */
+                               if (ejtag_info->pa_addr == MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT) {
+                                       if (!pass) {    /* first pass through pracc text */
+                                               if (store_pending == 0)         /* done, normal exit */
+                                                       return ERROR_OK;
+                                               pass = 1;               /* pracc text passed */
+                                               code_count = 0;         /* restart code count */
+                                       } else {
+                                               LOG_DEBUG("unexpected second pass through pracc text");
+                                               return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
+                                       }
+                               } else {
+                                       if (ejtag_info->pa_addr != (MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT + code_count * 4)) {
+                                               LOG_DEBUG("unexpected read address in final check: %" PRIx32 ", expected: %x",
+                                                         ejtag_info->pa_addr, MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT + code_count * 4);
+                                               return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
+                                       }
+                               }
+                               if (!pass) {
+                                       if ((code_count - ctx->code_count) > 1) {        /* allow max 2 instruction delay slot */
+                                               LOG_DEBUG("failed to jump back to pracc text");
+                                               return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
+                                       }
+                               } else
+                                       if (code_count > 10) {          /* enough, abandone */
+                                               LOG_DEBUG("execution abandoned, store pending: %d", store_pending);
+                                               return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
+                                       }
+                               instr = MIPS32_NOP;     /* shift out NOPs instructions */
+                               code_count++;
+                        }
+
+                       /* Send instruction out */
+                       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_DATA);
+                       mips_ejtag_drscan_32_out(ejtag_info, instr);
+               }
+               /* finish processor access, let the processor eat! */
+               mips32_pracc_finish(ejtag_info);
 
-       /* stack sanity check */
-       if (ctx.stack_offset != 0)
-               LOG_DEBUG("Pracc Stack not zero");
+               if (instr == MIPS32_DRET)       /* after leaving debug mode nothing to do */
+                       return jtag_execute_queue();
 
-       return ERROR_OK;
+               if (store_pending == 0 && pass) {       /* store access done, but after passing pracc text */
+                       LOG_DEBUG("warning: store access pass pracc text");
+                       return ERROR_OK;
+               }
+       }
 }
 
 inline void pracc_queue_init(struct pracc_queue_info *ctx)
@@ -291,6 +321,18 @@ inline void pracc_add(struct pracc_queue_info *ctx, uint32_t addr, uint32_t inst
                ctx->store_count++;
 }
 
+inline void pracc_add_li32(struct pracc_queue_info *ctx, uint32_t reg_num, uint32_t data, bool optimize)
+{
+       if (LOWER16(data) == 0 && optimize)
+               pracc_add(ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(reg_num, UPPER16(data)));  /* load only upper value */
+       else if (UPPER16(data) == 0 && optimize)
+               pracc_add(ctx, 0, MIPS32_ORI(reg_num, 0, LOWER16(data)));       /* load only lower */
+       else {
+               pracc_add(ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(reg_num, UPPER16(data)));          /* load upper and lower */
+               pracc_add(ctx, 0, MIPS32_ORI(reg_num, reg_num, LOWER16(data)));
+       }
+}
+
 inline void pracc_queue_free(struct pracc_queue_info *ctx)
 {
        if (ctx->code_count > ctx->max_code)    /* Only for internal check, will be erased */
@@ -302,8 +344,7 @@ inline void pracc_queue_free(struct pracc_queue_info *ctx)
 int mips32_pracc_queue_exec(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, struct pracc_queue_info *ctx, uint32_t *buf)
 {
        if (ejtag_info->mode == 0)
-               return mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ctx->code_count, ctx->pracc_list, 0, NULL,
-                                 ctx->store_count, buf, ctx->code_count - 1);
+               return mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ctx, buf);
 
        union scan_in {
                uint8_t scan_96[12];
@@ -409,8 +450,7 @@ int mips32_pracc_read_u32(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, uint32_t
        pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LW(8, LOWER16(addr), 8));                             /* lw $8, LOWER16(addr)($8) */
        pracc_add(&ctx, MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT,
                                MIPS32_SW(8, PRACC_OUT_OFFSET, 15));                    /* sw $8,PRACC_OUT_OFFSET($15) */
-       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(ejtag_info->reg8)));           /* restore upper 16 of $8 */
-       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_ORI(8, 8, LOWER16(ejtag_info->reg8)));                /* restore lower 16 of $8 */
+       pracc_add_li32(&ctx, 8, ejtag_info->reg8, 0);                           /* restore $8 */
        pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_B(NEG16(ctx.code_count + 1)));                                        /* jump to start */
        pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0));                                     /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
 
@@ -470,10 +510,8 @@ int mips32_pracc_read_mem(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int size
                                          MIPS32_SW(8, PRACC_OUT_OFFSET + i * 4, 15));          /* store $8 at param out */
                        addr += size;
                }
-               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(ejtag_info->reg8)));           /* restore upper 16 bits of reg 8 */
-               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_ORI(8, 8, LOWER16(ejtag_info->reg8)));        /* restore lower 16 bits of reg 8 */
-               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(9, UPPER16(ejtag_info->reg9)));           /* restore upper 16 bits of reg 9 */
-               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_ORI(9, 9, LOWER16(ejtag_info->reg9)));        /* restore lower 16 bits of reg 9 */
+               pracc_add_li32(&ctx, 8, ejtag_info->reg8, 0);                           /* restore $8 */
+               pracc_add_li32(&ctx, 9, ejtag_info->reg9, 0);                           /* restore $9 */
 
                pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_B(NEG16(ctx.code_count + 1)));                                /* jump to start */
                pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0));                                     /* restore $15 from DeSave */
@@ -513,10 +551,10 @@ int mips32_cp0_read(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t *val, uint32_t cp0_r
                goto exit;
 
        pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(15, PRACC_UPPER_BASE_ADDR));                      /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_BASE_ADDR */
-       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MFC0(8, 0, 0) | (cp0_reg << 11) | cp0_sel);   /* move COP0 [cp0_reg select] to $8 */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MFC0(8, cp0_reg, cp0_sel));                   /* move cp0 reg / sel to $8 */
        pracc_add(&ctx, MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT,
                                MIPS32_SW(8, PRACC_OUT_OFFSET, 15));                    /* store $8 to pracc_out */
-       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0));                                     /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0));                                     /* restore $15 from DeSave */
        pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(ejtag_info->reg8)));           /* restore upper 16 bits  of $8 */
        pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_B(NEG16(ctx.code_count + 1)));                                        /* jump to start */
        pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_ORI(8, 8, LOWER16(ejtag_info->reg8)));                /* restore lower 16 bits of $8 */
@@ -525,23 +563,6 @@ int mips32_cp0_read(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t *val, uint32_t cp0_r
 exit:
        pracc_queue_free(&ctx);
        return ctx.retval;
-
-       /**
-        * Note that our input parametes cp0_reg and cp0_sel
-        * are numbers (not gprs) which make part of mfc0 instruction opcode.
-        *
-        * These are not fix, but can be different for each mips32_cp0_read() function call,
-        * and that is why we must insert them directly into opcode,
-        * i.e. we can not pass it on EJTAG microprogram stack (via param_in),
-        * and put them into the gprs later from MIPS32_PRACC_STACK
-        * because mfc0 do not use gpr as a parameter for the cp0_reg and select part,
-        * but plain (immediate) number.
-        *
-        * MIPS32_MTC0 is implemented via MIPS32_R_INST macro.
-        * In order to insert our parameters, we must change rd and funct fields.
-        *
-        * code[2] |= (cp0_reg << 11) | cp0_sel;   change rd and funct of MIPS32_R_INST macro
-        **/
 }
 
 int mips32_cp0_write(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t val, uint32_t cp0_reg, uint32_t cp0_sel)
@@ -551,24 +572,16 @@ int mips32_cp0_write(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t val, uint32_t cp0_r
        if (ctx.retval != ERROR_OK)
                goto exit;
 
-       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(15, UPPER16(val)));                               /* Load val to $15 */
-       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_ORI(15, 15, LOWER16(val)));
+       pracc_add_li32(&ctx, 15, val, 0);                               /* Load val to $15 */
 
-       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MTC0(15, 0, 0) | (cp0_reg << 11) | cp0_sel);  /* write cp0 reg / sel */
-
-       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_B(NEG16(ctx.code_count + 1)));                                        /* jump to start */
-       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0));                                     /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MTC0(15, cp0_reg, cp0_sel));                  /* write $15 to cp0 reg / sel */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_B(NEG16(ctx.code_count + 1)));                /* jump to start */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0));                             /* restore $15 from DeSave */
 
        ctx.retval = mips32_pracc_queue_exec(ejtag_info, &ctx, NULL);
 exit:
        pracc_queue_free(&ctx);
        return ctx.retval;
-
-       /**
-        * Note that MIPS32_MTC0 macro is implemented via MIPS32_R_INST macro.
-        * In order to insert our parameters, we must change rd and funct fields.
-        * code[3] |= (cp0_reg << 11) | cp0_sel;   change rd and funct fields of MIPS32_R_INST macro
-        **/
 }
 
 /**
@@ -615,8 +628,8 @@ static int mips32_pracc_synchronize_cache(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
                pracc_add(&ctx, MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT,
                                MIPS32_SW(8, PRACC_OUT_OFFSET, 15));                    /* store $8 to pracc_out */
 
-               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(ejtag_info->reg8)));                   /* restore upper 16 bits  of $8 */
-               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_ORI(8, 8, LOWER16(ejtag_info->reg8)));                /* restore lower 16 bits of $8 */
+               pracc_add_li32(&ctx, 8, ejtag_info->reg8, 0);                           /* restore $8 */
+
                pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_B(NEG16(ctx.code_count + 1)));                                        /* jump to start */
                pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0));                                     /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
 
@@ -726,15 +739,8 @@ static int mips32_pracc_write_mem_generic(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
                                last_upper_base_addr = upper_base_addr;
                        }
 
-                       if (size == 4) {                        /* for word writes check if one half word is 0 and load it accordingly */
-                               if (LOWER16(*buf32) == 0)
-                                       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(*buf32)));             /* load only upper value */
-                               else if (UPPER16(*buf32) == 0)
-                                               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_ORI(8, 0, LOWER16(*buf32)));  /* load only lower */
-                               else {
-                                       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(*buf32)));             /* load upper and lower */
-                                       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_ORI(8, 8, LOWER16(*buf32)));
-                               }
+                       if (size == 4) {
+                               pracc_add_li32(&ctx, 8, *buf32, 1);                     /* load with li32, optimize */
                                pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_SW(8, LOWER16(addr), 15));            /* store word to memory */
                                buf32++;
 
@@ -751,8 +757,7 @@ static int mips32_pracc_write_mem_generic(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
                        addr += size;
                }
 
-               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(ejtag_info->reg8)));           /* restore upper 16 bits of reg 8 */
-               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_ORI(8, 8, LOWER16(ejtag_info->reg8)));        /* restore lower 16 bits of reg 8 */
+               pracc_add_li32(&ctx, 8, ejtag_info->reg8, 0);                           /* restore $8 */
 
                pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_B(NEG16(ctx.code_count + 1)));                                /* jump to start */
                pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0));                             /* restore $15 from DeSave */
@@ -838,26 +843,17 @@ int mips32_pracc_write_regs(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t *regs)
        if (ctx.retval != ERROR_OK)
                goto exit;
 
-       /* load registers 2 to 31 with lui and ori instructions, check if some instructions can be saved */
-       for (int i = 2; i < 32; i++) {
-               if (LOWER16((regs[i])) == 0)                                    /* if lower half word is 0, lui instruction only */
-                       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(i, UPPER16((regs[i]))));
-               else if (UPPER16((regs[i])) == 0)                                       /* if upper half word is 0, ori with $0 only*/
-                       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_ORI(i, 0, LOWER16((regs[i]))));
-               else {                                                                  /* default, load with lui and ori instructions */
-                       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(i, UPPER16((regs[i]))));
-                       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_ORI(i, i, LOWER16((regs[i]))));
-               }
-       }
+       /* load registers 2 to 31 with li32, optimize */
+       for (int i = 2; i < 32; i++)
+               pracc_add_li32(&ctx, i, regs[i], 1);
 
        for (int i = 0; i != 6; i++) {
-               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(1, UPPER16((regs[i + 32]))));             /* load CPO value in $1, with lui and ori */
-               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_ORI(1, 1, LOWER16((regs[i + 32]))));
-               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, cp0_write_code[i]);                                  /* write value from $1 to CPO register */
+               pracc_add_li32(&ctx, 1, regs[i + 32], 0);       /* load CPO value in $1 */
+               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, cp0_write_code[i]);                  /* write value from $1 to CPO register */
        }
        pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0));                             /* load $15 in DeSave */
        pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(1, UPPER16((regs[1]))));                  /* load upper half word in $1 */
-       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_B(NEG16(ctx.code_count + 1)));                                        /* jump to start */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_B(NEG16(ctx.code_count + 1)));                                /* jump to start */
        pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_ORI(1, 1, LOWER16((regs[1]))));               /* load lower half word in $1 */
 
        ctx.retval = mips32_pracc_queue_exec(ejtag_info, &ctx, NULL);
@@ -905,9 +901,6 @@ int mips32_pracc_read_regs(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t *regs)
        pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_B(NEG16(ctx.code_count + 1)));                                        /* jump to start */
        pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0));                                     /* load $15 in DeSave */
 
-       if (ejtag_info->mode == 0)
-               ctx.store_count++;      /* Needed by legacy code, due to offset from reg0 */
-
        ctx.retval = mips32_pracc_queue_exec(ejtag_info, &ctx, regs);
 
        ejtag_info->reg8 = regs[8];     /* reg8 is saved but not restored, next called function should restore it */
@@ -928,7 +921,6 @@ int mips32_pracc_fastdata_xfer(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, struct working_are
                int write_t, uint32_t addr, int count, uint32_t *buf)
 {
        uint32_t handler_code[] = {
-               /* caution when editing, table is modified below */
                /* r15 points to the start of this code */
                MIPS32_SW(8, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 4, 15),
                MIPS32_SW(9, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 8, 15),
@@ -937,13 +929,14 @@ int mips32_pracc_fastdata_xfer(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, struct working_are
                /* start of fastdata area in t0 */
                MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_FASTDATA_AREA)),
                MIPS32_ORI(8, 8, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_FASTDATA_AREA)),
-               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 8),                                                             /* start addr in t1 */
-               MIPS32_LW(10, 0, 8),                                                    /* end addr to t2 */
-                                                                                                               /* loop: */
-               /* 8 */ MIPS32_LW(11, 0, 0),                                    /* lw t3,[t8 | r9] */
-               /* 9 */ MIPS32_SW(11, 0, 0),                                    /* sw t3,[r9 | r8] */
-               MIPS32_BNE(10, 9, NEG16(3)),                                    /* bne $t2,t1,loop */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(9, 9, 4),                                                   /* addi t1,t1,4 */
+               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 8),                                             /* start addr in t1 */
+               MIPS32_LW(10, 0, 8),                                            /* end addr to t2 */
+                                       /* loop: */
+               write_t ? MIPS32_LW(11, 0, 8) : MIPS32_LW(11, 0, 9),    /* from xfer area : from memory */
+               write_t ? MIPS32_SW(11, 0, 9) : MIPS32_SW(11, 0, 8),    /* to memory      : to xfer area */
+
+               MIPS32_BNE(10, 9, NEG16(3)),                    /* bne $t2,t1,loop */
+               MIPS32_ADDI(9, 9, 4),                                   /* addi t1,t1,4 */
 
                MIPS32_LW(8, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 4, 15),
                MIPS32_LW(9, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 8, 15),
@@ -956,41 +949,28 @@ int mips32_pracc_fastdata_xfer(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, struct working_are
                MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0),                                         /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
        };
 
-       uint32_t jmp_code[] = {
-               /* 0 */ MIPS32_LUI(15, 0),              /* addr of working area added below */
-               /* 1 */ MIPS32_ORI(15, 15, 0),  /* addr of working area added below */
-               MIPS32_JR(15),                                  /* jump to ram program */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
-       };
-
-       int retval, i;
-       uint32_t val, ejtag_ctrl, address;
-
        if (source->size < MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE)
                return ERROR_TARGET_RESOURCE_NOT_AVAILABLE;
 
-       if (write_t) {
-               handler_code[8] = MIPS32_LW(11, 0, 8);  /* load data from probe at fastdata area */
-               handler_code[9] = MIPS32_SW(11, 0, 9);  /* store data to RAM @ r9 */
-       } else {
-               handler_code[8] = MIPS32_LW(11, 0, 9);  /* load data from RAM @ r9 */
-               handler_code[9] = MIPS32_SW(11, 0, 8);  /* store data to probe at fastdata area */
-       }
-
-       /* write program into RAM */
+               /* write program into RAM */
        if (write_t != ejtag_info->fast_access_save) {
                mips32_pracc_write_mem(ejtag_info, source->address, 4, ARRAY_SIZE(handler_code), handler_code);
                /* save previous operation to speed to any consecutive read/writes */
                ejtag_info->fast_access_save = write_t;
        }
 
-       LOG_DEBUG("%s using 0x%.8" PRIx32 " for write handler", __func__, source->address);
+       LOG_DEBUG("%s using 0x%.8" TARGET_PRIxADDR " for write handler", __func__, source->address);
 
-       jmp_code[0] |= UPPER16(source->address);
-       jmp_code[1] |= LOWER16(source->address);
+       uint32_t jmp_code[] = {
+               MIPS32_LUI(15, UPPER16(source->address)),               /* load addr of jump in $15 */
+               MIPS32_ORI(15, 15, LOWER16(source->address)),
+               MIPS32_JR(15),                                  /* jump to ram program */
+               MIPS32_NOP,
+       };
 
-       for (i = 0; i < (int) ARRAY_SIZE(jmp_code); i++) {
-               retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info, &ejtag_ctrl);
+       /* execute jump code, with no address check */
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(jmp_code); i++) {
+               int retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info);
                if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                        return retval;
 
@@ -998,32 +978,24 @@ int mips32_pracc_fastdata_xfer(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, struct working_are
                mips_ejtag_drscan_32_out(ejtag_info, jmp_code[i]);
 
                /* Clear the access pending bit (let the processor eat!) */
-               ejtag_ctrl = ejtag_info->ejtag_ctrl & ~EJTAG_CTRL_PRACC;
-               mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_CONTROL);
-               mips_ejtag_drscan_32_out(ejtag_info, ejtag_ctrl);
+               mips32_pracc_finish(ejtag_info);
        }
 
-       /* wait PrAcc pending bit for FASTDATA write */
-       retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info, &ejtag_ctrl);
+       /* wait PrAcc pending bit for FASTDATA write, read address */
+       int retval = mips32_pracc_read_ctrl_addr(ejtag_info);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                return retval;
 
        /* next fetch to dmseg should be in FASTDATA_AREA, check */
-       address = 0;
-       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_ADDRESS);
-       retval = mips_ejtag_drscan_32(ejtag_info, &address);
-       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
-               return retval;
-
-       if (address != MIPS32_PRACC_FASTDATA_AREA)
+       if (ejtag_info->pa_addr != MIPS32_PRACC_FASTDATA_AREA)
                return ERROR_FAIL;
 
        /* Send the load start address */
-       val = addr;
+       uint32_t val = addr;
        mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_FASTDATA);
        mips_ejtag_fastdata_scan(ejtag_info, 1, &val);
 
-       retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info, &ejtag_ctrl);
+       retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                return retval;
 
@@ -1036,11 +1008,9 @@ int mips32_pracc_fastdata_xfer(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, struct working_are
        if (ejtag_info->mode != 0)
                num_clocks = ((uint64_t)(ejtag_info->scan_delay) * jtag_get_speed_khz() + 500000) / 1000000;
 
-       for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+       for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
                jtag_add_clocks(num_clocks);
-               retval = mips_ejtag_fastdata_scan(ejtag_info, write_t, buf++);
-               if (retval != ERROR_OK)
-                       return retval;
+               mips_ejtag_fastdata_scan(ejtag_info, write_t, buf++);
        }
 
        retval = jtag_execute_queue();
@@ -1049,17 +1019,11 @@ int mips32_pracc_fastdata_xfer(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, struct working_are
                return retval;
        }
 
-       retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info, &ejtag_ctrl);
-       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
-               return retval;
-
-       address = 0;
-       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_ADDRESS);
-       retval = mips_ejtag_drscan_32(ejtag_info, &address);
+       retval = mips32_pracc_read_ctrl_addr(ejtag_info);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                return retval;
 
-       if (address != MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT)
+       if (ejtag_info->pa_addr != MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT)
                LOG_ERROR("mini program did not return to start");
 
        return retval;

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