mips: change in restoring debug working register
[openocd.git] / src / target / mips32_pracc.c
index 7160f8e03cde4ac28abbcf6d7009a3986b9344cc..2ccbfc7fc4891484e41beae4892554799591b085 100644 (file)
  ***************************************************************************/
 
 /*
-This version has optimized assembly routines for 32 bit operations:
-- read word
-- write word
-- write array of words
-
-One thing to be aware of is that the MIPS32 cpu will execute the
-instruction after a branch instruction (one delay slot).
-
-For example:
-
-    LW $2, ($5 +10)
-    B foo
-    LW $1, ($2 +100)
-
-The LW $1, ($2 +100) instruction is also executed. If this is
-not wanted a NOP can be inserted:
-
-    LW $2, ($5 +10)
-    B foo
-    NOP
-    LW $1, ($2 +100)
-
-or the code can be changed to:
-
-    B foo
-    LW $2, ($5 +10)
-    LW $1, ($2 +100)
-
-The original code contained NOPs. I have removed these and moved
-the branches.
-
-I also moved the PRACC_STACK to 0xFF204000. This allows
-the use of 16 bits offsets to get pointers to the input
-and output area relative to the stack. Note that the stack
-isn't really a stack (the stack pointer is not 'moving')
-but a FIFO simulated in software.
-
-These changes result in a 35% speed increase when programming an
-external flash.
-
-More improvement could be gained if the registers do no need
-to be preserved but in that case the routines should be aware
-OpenOCD is used as a flash programmer or as a debug tool.
-
-Nico Coesel
-*/
+ * This version has optimized assembly routines for 32 bit operations:
+ * - read word
+ * - write word
+ * - write array of words
+ *
+ * One thing to be aware of is that the MIPS32 cpu will execute the
+ * instruction after a branch instruction (one delay slot).
+ *
+ * For example:
+ *  LW $2, ($5 +10)
+ *  B foo
+ *  LW $1, ($2 +100)
+ *
+ * The LW $1, ($2 +100) instruction is also executed. If this is
+ * not wanted a NOP can be inserted:
+ *
+ *  LW $2, ($5 +10)
+ *  B foo
+ *  NOP
+ *  LW $1, ($2 +100)
+ *
+ * or the code can be changed to:
+ *
+ *  B foo
+ *  LW $2, ($5 +10)
+ *  LW $1, ($2 +100)
+ *
+ * The original code contained NOPs. I have removed these and moved
+ * the branches.
+ *
+ * I also moved the PRACC_STACK to 0xFF204000. This allows
+ * the use of 16 bits offsets to get pointers to the input
+ * and output area relative to the stack. Note that the stack
+ * isn't really a stack (the stack pointer is not 'moving')
+ * but a FIFO simulated in software.
+ *
+ * These changes result in a 35% speed increase when programming an
+ * external flash.
+ *
+ * More improvement could be gained if the registers do no need
+ * to be preserved but in that case the routines should be aware
+ * OpenOCD is used as a flash programmer or as a debug tool.
+ *
+ * Nico Coesel
+ */
 
 #ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
 #include "config.h"
@@ -82,8 +81,7 @@ Nico Coesel
 #include "mips32.h"
 #include "mips32_pracc.h"
 
-struct mips32_pracc_context
-{
+struct mips32_pracc_context {
        uint32_t *local_iparam;
        int num_iparam;
        uint32_t *local_oparam;
@@ -95,28 +93,10 @@ struct mips32_pracc_context
        struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info;
 };
 
-static int mips32_pracc_read_mem8(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
-               uint32_t addr, int count, uint8_t *buf);
-static int mips32_pracc_read_mem16(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
-               uint32_t addr, int count, uint16_t *buf);
-static int mips32_pracc_read_mem32(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
-               uint32_t addr, int count, uint32_t *buf);
-static int mips32_pracc_read_u32(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
-               uint32_t addr, uint32_t *buf);
-
-static int mips32_pracc_write_mem8(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
-               uint32_t addr, int count, uint8_t *buf);
-static int mips32_pracc_write_mem16(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
-               uint32_t addr, int count, uint16_t *buf);
-static int mips32_pracc_write_mem32(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
-               uint32_t addr, int count, uint32_t *buf);
-static int mips32_pracc_write_u32(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
-               uint32_t addr, uint32_t *buf);
-
 static int mips32_pracc_sync_cache(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
                uint32_t start_addr, uint32_t end_addr);
 static int mips32_pracc_clean_invalidate_cache(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
-                                                                                                       uint32_t start_addr, uint32_t end_addr);
+               uint32_t start_addr, uint32_t end_addr);
 
 static int wait_for_pracc_rw(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t *ctrl)
 {
@@ -127,10 +107,9 @@ static int wait_for_pracc_rw(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t *ctrl)
 
        /* wait for the PrAcc to become "1" */
        mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_CONTROL);
-       ejtag_ctrl = ejtag_info->ejtag_ctrl;
 
-       while (1)
-       {
+       while (1) {
+               ejtag_ctrl = ejtag_info->ejtag_ctrl;
                retval = mips_ejtag_drscan_32(ejtag_info, &ejtag_ctrl);
                if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                        return retval;
@@ -138,8 +117,8 @@ static int wait_for_pracc_rw(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t *ctrl)
                if (ejtag_ctrl & EJTAG_CTRL_PRACC)
                        break;
 
-               if ( (timeout = timeval_ms()-then) > 1000 )
-               {
+               timeout = timeval_ms() - then;
+               if (timeout > 1000) {
                        LOG_DEBUG("DEBUGMODULE: No memory access in progress!");
                        return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
                }
@@ -156,30 +135,25 @@ static int mips32_pracc_exec_read(struct mips32_pracc_context *ctx, uint32_t add
        uint32_t ejtag_ctrl, data;
 
        if ((address >= MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)
-               && (address <= MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN + ctx->num_iparam * 4))
-       {
+               && (address < MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN + ctx->num_iparam * 4)) {
                offset = (address - MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN) / 4;
                data = ctx->local_iparam[offset];
-       }
-       else if ((address >= MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)
-               && (address <= MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT + ctx->num_oparam * 4))
-       {
+       } else if ((address >= MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)
+               && (address < MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT + ctx->num_oparam * 4)) {
                offset = (address - MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT) / 4;
                data = ctx->local_oparam[offset];
-       }
-       else if ((address >= MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT)
-               && (address <= MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT + ctx->code_len * 4))
-       {
+       } else if ((address >= MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT)
+               && (address < MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT + ctx->code_len * 4)) {
                offset = (address - MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT) / 4;
                data = ctx->code[offset];
-       }
-       else if (address == MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)
-       {
+       } else if (address == MIPS32_PRACC_STACK) {
+               if (ctx->stack_offset <= 0) {
+                       LOG_ERROR("Error: Pracc stack out of bounds");
+                       return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
+               }
                /* save to our debug stack */
                data = ctx->stack[--ctx->stack_offset];
-       }
-       else
-       {
+       } else {
                /* TODO: send JMP 0xFF200000 instruction. Hopefully processor jump back
                 * to start of debug vector */
 
@@ -201,7 +175,7 @@ static int mips32_pracc_exec_read(struct mips32_pracc_context *ctx, uint32_t add
 
 static int mips32_pracc_exec_write(struct mips32_pracc_context *ctx, uint32_t address)
 {
-       uint32_t ejtag_ctrl,data;
+       uint32_t ejtag_ctrl, data;
        int offset;
        struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info = ctx->ejtag_info;
        int retval;
@@ -220,25 +194,18 @@ static int mips32_pracc_exec_write(struct mips32_pracc_context *ctx, uint32_t ad
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                return retval;
 
-       if ((address >= MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)
-               && (address <= MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN + ctx->num_iparam * 4))
-       {
-               offset = (address - MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN) / 4;
-               ctx->local_iparam[offset] = data;
-       }
-       else if ((address >= MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)
-               && (address <= MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT + ctx->num_oparam * 4))
-       {
+       if ((address >= MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)
+               && (address < MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT + ctx->num_oparam * 4)) {
                offset = (address - MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT) / 4;
                ctx->local_oparam[offset] = data;
-       }
-       else if (address == MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)
-       {
+       } else if (address == MIPS32_PRACC_STACK) {
+               if (ctx->stack_offset >= 32) {
+                       LOG_ERROR("Error: Pracc stack out of bounds");
+                       return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
+               }
                /* save data onto our stack */
                ctx->stack[ctx->stack_offset++] = data;
-       }
-       else
-       {
+       } else {
                LOG_ERROR("Error writing unexpected address 0x%8.8" PRIx32 "", address);
                return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
        }
@@ -250,7 +217,7 @@ int mips32_pracc_exec(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, int code_len, const uint32_
                int num_param_in, uint32_t *param_in, int num_param_out, uint32_t *param_out, int cycle)
 {
        uint32_t ejtag_ctrl;
-       uint32_t address, data;
+       uint32_t address;
        struct mips32_pracc_context ctx;
        int retval;
        int pass = 0;
@@ -264,34 +231,31 @@ int mips32_pracc_exec(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, int code_len, const uint32_
        ctx.ejtag_info = ejtag_info;
        ctx.stack_offset = 0;
 
-       while (1)
-       {
-               if ((retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info, &ejtag_ctrl)) != ERROR_OK)
+       while (1) {
+               retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info, &ejtag_ctrl);
+               if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                        return retval;
 
-               address = data = 0;
+               address = 0;
                mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_ADDRESS);
                retval = mips_ejtag_drscan_32(ejtag_info, &address);
                if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                        return retval;
 
                /* Check for read or write */
-               if (ejtag_ctrl & EJTAG_CTRL_PRNW)
-               {
-                       if ((retval = mips32_pracc_exec_write(&ctx, address)) != ERROR_OK)
+               if (ejtag_ctrl & EJTAG_CTRL_PRNW) {
+                       retval = mips32_pracc_exec_write(&ctx, address);
+                       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                                return retval;
-               }
-               else
-               {
+               } else {
                        /* Check to see if its reading at the debug vector. The first pass through
                         * the module is always read at the vector, so the first one we allow.  When
                         * the second read from the vector occurs we are done and just exit. */
                        if ((address == MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT) && (pass++))
-                       {
                                break;
-                       }
 
-                       if ((retval = mips32_pracc_exec_read(&ctx, address)) != ERROR_OK)
+                       retval = mips32_pracc_exec_read(&ctx, address);
+                       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                                return retval;
                }
 
@@ -301,277 +265,129 @@ int mips32_pracc_exec(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, int code_len, const uint32_
 
        /* stack sanity check */
        if (ctx.stack_offset != 0)
-       {
                LOG_DEBUG("Pracc Stack not zero");
-       }
-
-       return ERROR_OK;
-}
-
-int mips32_pracc_read_mem(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int size, int count, void *buf)
-{
-       switch (size)
-       {
-               case 1:
-                       return mips32_pracc_read_mem8(ejtag_info, addr, count, (uint8_t*)buf);
-               case 2:
-                       return mips32_pracc_read_mem16(ejtag_info, addr, count, (uint16_t*)buf);
-               case 4:
-                       if (count == 1)
-                               return mips32_pracc_read_u32(ejtag_info, addr, (uint32_t*)buf);
-                       else
-                               return mips32_pracc_read_mem32(ejtag_info, addr, count, (uint32_t*)buf);
-       }
 
        return ERROR_OK;
 }
 
-static int mips32_pracc_read_mem32(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int count, uint32_t *buf)
-{
-       static const uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                                       /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15,31,0),                                                           /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),                     /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15,15,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8,0,15),                                                                      /* sw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(9,0,15),                                                                      /* sw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(10,0,15),                                                                     /* sw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(11,0,15),                                                                     /* sw $11,($15) */
-
-               MIPS32_LUI(8,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),           /* $8 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN */
-               MIPS32_ORI(8,8,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),
-               MIPS32_LW(9,0,8),                                                                       /* $9 = mem[$8]; read addr */
-               MIPS32_LW(10,4,8),                                                                      /* $10 = mem[$8 + 4]; read count */
-               MIPS32_LUI(11,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)),         /* $11 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT */
-               MIPS32_ORI(11,11,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)),
-                                                                                                                       /* loop: */
-               MIPS32_BEQ(0,10,8),                                                                     /* beq 0, $10, end */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
-
-               MIPS32_LW(8,0,9),                                                                       /* lw $8,0($9), Load $8 with the word @mem[$9] */
-               MIPS32_SW(8,0,11),                                                                      /* sw $8,0($11) */
-
-               MIPS32_ADDI(10,10,NEG16(1)),                                            /* $10-- */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(9,9,4),                                                                     /* $1 += 4 */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(11,11,4),                                                           /* $11 += 4 */
-
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(8)),                                                                     /* b loop */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
-                                                                                                                       /* end: */
-               MIPS32_LW(11,0,15),                                                                     /* lw $11,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(10,0,15),                                                                     /* lw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(9,0,15),                                                                      /* lw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(8,0,15),                                                                      /* lw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(27)),                                                            /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15,31,0),                                                           /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
-       };
-
-       int retval = ERROR_OK;
-       int blocksize;
-       int bytesread;
-       uint32_t param_in[2];
-
-       bytesread = 0;
-
-       while (count > 0)
-       {
-               blocksize = count;
-               if (count > 0x400)
-                       blocksize = 0x400;
-
-               param_in[0] = addr;
-               param_in[1] = blocksize;
-
-               if ((retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code,
-                       ARRAY_SIZE(param_in), param_in, blocksize, &buf[bytesread], 1)) != ERROR_OK)
-               {
-                       return retval;
-               }
-
-               count -= blocksize;
-               addr += blocksize;
-               bytesread += blocksize;
-       }
-
-       return retval;
-}
-
 static int mips32_pracc_read_u32(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, uint32_t *buf)
 {
-       static const uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                                       /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15,31,0),                                                           /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),                     /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15,15,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8,0,15),                                                                      /* sw $8,($15) */
-
-               MIPS32_LW(8,NEG16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK-MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN),15), /* load R8 @ param_in[0] = address */
+       uint32_t code[] = {
+                                                                                                               /* start: */
+               MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0),                                         /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
+               MIPS32_LUI(15, PRACC_UPPER_BASE_ADDR),                          /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_BASE_ADDR */
 
-               MIPS32_LW(8,0,8),                                                                       /* lw $8,0($8), Load $8 with the word @mem[$8] */
-               MIPS32_SW(8,NEG16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK-MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT),15), /* store R8 @ param_out[0] */
+               MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16((addr + 0x8000))),                        /* load  $8 with modified upper address */
+               MIPS32_LW(8, LOWER16(addr), 8),                                 /* lw $8, LOWER16(addr)($8) */
+               MIPS32_SW(8, PRACC_OUT_OFFSET, 15),                             /* sw $8,PRACC_OUT_OFFSET($15) */
 
-               MIPS32_LW(8,0,15),                                                                      /* lw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(9)),                                                                     /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15,31,0),                                                           /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
+               MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(ejtag_info->reg8)),                               /* restore upper 16 bits of reg 8 */
+               MIPS32_ORI(8, 8, LOWER16(ejtag_info->reg8)),                            /* restore lower 16 bits of reg 8 */
+               MIPS32_B(NEG16(8)),                                                     /* b start */
+               MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0),                                         /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
        };
 
-       int retval = ERROR_OK;
-       uint32_t param_in[1];
-
-       param_in[0] = addr;
-
-       if ((retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code,
-               ARRAY_SIZE(param_in), param_in, 1, buf, 1)) != ERROR_OK)
-       {
-               return retval;
-       }
-
-       return retval;
+       return mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code, 0, NULL, 1, buf, 1);
 }
 
-static int mips32_pracc_read_mem16(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int count, uint16_t *buf)
+int mips32_pracc_read_mem(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int size, int count, void *buf)
 {
-       static const uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                                       /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15,31,0),                                                           /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),                     /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15,15,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8,0,15),                                                                      /* sw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(9,0,15),                                                                      /* sw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(10,0,15),                                                                     /* sw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(11,0,15),                                                                     /* sw $11,($15) */
-
-               MIPS32_LUI(8,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),           /* $8 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN */
-               MIPS32_ORI(8,8,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),
-               MIPS32_LW(9,0,8),                                                                       /* $9 = mem[$8]; read addr */
-               MIPS32_LW(10,4,8),                                                                      /* $10 = mem[$8 + 4]; read count */
-               MIPS32_LUI(11,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)),         /* $11 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT */
-               MIPS32_ORI(11,11,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)),
-                                                                                                                       /* loop: */
-               MIPS32_BEQ(0,10,8),                                                                     /* beq 0, $10, end */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
+       if (count == 1 && size == 4)
+               return mips32_pracc_read_u32(ejtag_info, addr, (uint32_t *)buf);
 
-               MIPS32_LHU(8,0,9),                                                                      /* lw $8,0($9), Load $8 with the halfword @mem[$9] */
-               MIPS32_SW(8,0,11),                                                                      /* sw $8,0($11) */
+       int retval = ERROR_FAIL;
 
-               MIPS32_ADDI(10,10,NEG16(1)),                                            /* $10-- */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(9,9,2),                                                                     /* $9 += 2 */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(11,11,4),                                                           /* $11 += 4 */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(8)),                                                                     /* b loop */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
-                                                                                                                       /* end: */
-               MIPS32_LW(11,0,15),                                                                     /* lw $11,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(10,0,15),                                                                     /* lw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(9,0,15),                                                                      /* lw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(8,0,15),                                                                      /* lw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(27)),                                                            /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15,30,0),                                                           /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
-       };
+       uint32_t *code = NULL;
+       uint32_t *data = NULL;
 
-       /* TODO remove array */
-       uint32_t *param_out = malloc(count * sizeof(uint32_t));
-       int i;
-
-       int retval = ERROR_OK;
-       int blocksize;
-       uint32_t param_in[2];
-
-       //while (count > 0)
-       {
-               blocksize = count;
-               if (count > 0x400)
-                       blocksize = 0x400;
-
-               param_in[0] = addr;
-               param_in[1] = blocksize;
-
-               retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code,
-                       ARRAY_SIZE(param_in), param_in, count, param_out, 1);
-
-//             count -= blocksize;
-//             addr += blocksize;
+       code = malloc((256 * 2 + 10) * sizeof(uint32_t));
+       if (code == NULL) {
+               LOG_ERROR("Out of memory");
+               goto exit;
        }
 
-       for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
-       {
-               buf[i] = param_out[i];
+       if (size != 4) {
+               data = malloc(256 * sizeof(uint32_t));
+               if (data == NULL) {
+                       LOG_ERROR("Out of memory");
+                       goto exit;
+               }
        }
 
-       free(param_out);
-
-       return retval;
-}
+       uint32_t *buf32 = buf;
+       uint16_t *buf16 = buf;
+       uint8_t *buf8 = buf;
 
-static int mips32_pracc_read_mem8(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int count, uint8_t *buf)
-{
-       static const uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                                       /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15,31,0),                                                           /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),                     /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15,15,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8,0,15),                                                                      /* sw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(9,0,15),                                                                      /* sw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(10,0,15),                                                                     /* sw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(11,0,15),                                                                     /* sw $11,($15) */
-
-               MIPS32_LUI(8,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),           /* $8 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN */
-               MIPS32_ORI(8,8,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),
-               MIPS32_LW(9,0,8),                                                                       /* $9 = mem[$8]; read addr */
-               MIPS32_LW(10,4,8),                                                                      /* $10 = mem[$8 + 4]; read count */
-               MIPS32_LUI(11,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)),         /* $11 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT */
-               MIPS32_ORI(11,11,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)),
-                                                                                                                       /* loop: */
-               MIPS32_BEQ(0,10,8),                                                                     /* beq 0, $10, end */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
-
-               MIPS32_LBU(8,0,9),                                                                      /* lw $8,0($9), Load t4 with the byte @mem[t1] */
-               MIPS32_SW(8,0,11),                                                                      /* sw $8,0($11) */
-
-               MIPS32_ADDI(10,10,NEG16(1)),                                            /* $10-- */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(9,9,1),                                                                     /* $9 += 1 */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(11,11,4),                                                           /* $11 += 4 */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(8)),                                                                     /* b loop */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
-                                                                                                                       /* end: */
-               MIPS32_LW(11,0,15),                                                                     /* lw $11,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(10,0,15),                                                                     /* lw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(9,0,15),                                                                      /* lw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(8,0,15),                                                                      /* lw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(27)),                                                            /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15,31,0),                                                           /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
-       };
-
-       /* TODO remove array */
-       uint32_t *param_out = malloc(count * sizeof(uint32_t));
        int i;
+       uint32_t upper_base_addr, last_upper_base_addr;
+       int this_round_count;
+       int code_len;
 
-       int retval = ERROR_OK;
-       int blocksize;
-       uint32_t param_in[2];
-
-//     while (count > 0)
-       {
-               blocksize = count;
-               if (count > 0x400)
-                       blocksize = 0x400;
+       while (count) {
+               this_round_count = (count > 256) ? 256 : count;
+               last_upper_base_addr = UPPER16((addr + 0x8000));
+               uint32_t *code_p = code;
+
+               *code_p++ = MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0);                                     /* save $15 in DeSave */
+               *code_p++ = MIPS32_LUI(15, PRACC_UPPER_BASE_ADDR);                      /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_BASE_ADDR */
+               *code_p++ = MIPS32_LUI(9, last_upper_base_addr);                        /* load the upper memory address in $9*/
+               code_len = 3;
+
+               for (i = 0; i != this_round_count; i++) {               /* Main code loop */
+                       upper_base_addr = UPPER16((addr + 0x8000));
+                       if (last_upper_base_addr != upper_base_addr) {
+                               *code_p++ = MIPS32_LUI(9, upper_base_addr);             /* if needed, change upper address in $9*/
+                               code_len++;
+                               last_upper_base_addr = upper_base_addr;
+                       }
 
-               param_in[0] = addr;
-               param_in[1] = blocksize;
+                       if (size == 4)
+                               *code_p++ = MIPS32_LW(8, LOWER16(addr), 9);             /* load from memory to $8 */
+                       else if (size == 2)
+                               *code_p++ = MIPS32_LHU(8, LOWER16(addr), 9);
+                       else
+                               *code_p++ = MIPS32_LBU(8, LOWER16(addr), 9);
 
-               retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code,
-                       ARRAY_SIZE(param_in), param_in, count, param_out, 1);
+                       *code_p++ = MIPS32_SW(8, PRACC_OUT_OFFSET + i * 4, 15);         /* store $8 at param out */
 
-//             count -= blocksize;
-//             addr += blocksize;
-       }
+                       code_len += 2;
+                       addr += size;
+               }
 
-       for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
-       {
-               buf[i] = param_out[i];
+               *code_p++ = MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(ejtag_info->reg8));                   /* restore upper 16 bits of reg 8 */
+               *code_p++ = MIPS32_ORI(8, 8, LOWER16(ejtag_info->reg8));                /* restore lower 16 bits of reg 8 */
+               *code_p++ = MIPS32_LUI(9, UPPER16(ejtag_info->reg8));                   /* restore upper 16 bits of reg 9 */
+               *code_p++ = MIPS32_ORI(9, 9, LOWER16(ejtag_info->reg8));                /* restore lower 16 bits of reg 9 */
+
+               code_len += 6;
+               *code_p++ = MIPS32_B(NEG16(code_len - 1));                                      /* jump to start */
+               *code_p = MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0);                                       /* restore $15 from DeSave */
+
+               if (size == 4) {
+                       retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, code_len, code, 0, NULL, this_round_count, buf32, 1);
+                       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
+                               goto exit;
+                       buf32 += this_round_count;
+               } else {
+                       retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, code_len, code, 0, NULL, this_round_count, data, 1);
+                       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
+                               goto exit;
+                       uint32_t *data_p = data;
+                       for (i = 0; i != this_round_count; i++) {
+                               if (size == 2)
+                                       *buf16++ = *data_p++;
+                               else
+                                       *buf8++ = *data_p++;
+                       }
+               }
+               count -= this_round_count;
        }
 
-       free(param_out);
-
+exit:
+       if (code)
+               free(code);
+       if (data)
+               free(data);
        return retval;
 }
 
@@ -579,26 +395,20 @@ int mips32_cp0_read(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t *val, uint32_t cp0_r
 {
        /**
         * Do not make this code static, but regenerate it every time,
-        * as 5th element has to be changed to add parameters
+        * as 2th element has to be changed to add parameters
         */
        uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                                       /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15,31,0),                                                           /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),                     /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15,15,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8,0,15),                                                                      /* sw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(9,0,15),                                                                      /* sw $9,($15) */
-
-               /* 5 */ MIPS32_MFC0(8,0,0),                                                     /* move COP0 [cp0_reg select] to $8 */
-
-               MIPS32_LUI(9,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)),          /* $11 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT */
-               MIPS32_ORI(9,9,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8,0,9),                                                                       /* sw $8,0($9) */
-
-               MIPS32_LW(9,0,15),                                                                      /* lw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(8,0,15),                                                                      /* lw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(12)),                                                            /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15,31,0),                                                           /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
+                                                                                                               /* start: */
+               MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0),                                                 /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
+               MIPS32_LUI(15, PRACC_UPPER_BASE_ADDR),                                  /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_BASE_ADDR */
+
+               /* 2 */ MIPS32_MFC0(8, 0, 0),                                           /* move COP0 [cp0_reg select] to $8 */
+               MIPS32_SW(8, PRACC_OUT_OFFSET, 15),                                     /* sw $8,PRACC_OUT_OFFSET($15) */
+
+               MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(ejtag_info->reg8)),                               /* restore upper 16 bits of reg 8 */
+               MIPS32_ORI(8, 8, LOWER16(ejtag_info->reg8)),                            /* restore lower 16 bits of reg 8 */
+               MIPS32_B(NEG16(7)),                                                     /* b start */
+               MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0),                                                 /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
        };
 
        /**
@@ -615,56 +425,32 @@ int mips32_cp0_read(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t *val, uint32_t cp0_r
         * MIPS32_MTC0 is implemented via MIPS32_R_INST macro.
         * In order to insert our parameters, we must change rd and funct fields.
         */
-       code[5] |= (cp0_reg << 11) | cp0_sel;  /* change rd and funct of MIPS32_R_INST macro */
+       code[2] |= (cp0_reg << 11) | cp0_sel;  /* change rd and funct of MIPS32_R_INST macro */
 
-       /* TODO remove array */
-       uint32_t *param_out = val;
-       int retval;
-
-       retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code, 0, NULL, 1, param_out, 1);
-
-       return retval;
+       return mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code, 0, NULL, 1, val, 1);
 }
 
-int mips32_cp0_write(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
-                                                                                       uint32_t val, uint32_t cp0_reg, uint32_t cp0_sel)
+int mips32_cp0_write(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t val, uint32_t cp0_reg, uint32_t cp0_sel)
 {
        uint32_t code[] = {
                                                                                                                        /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15,31,0),                                                           /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),                     /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15,15,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8,0,15),                                                                      /* sw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(9,0,15),                                                                      /* sw $9,($15) */
-
-               MIPS32_LUI(8,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),           /* $8 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN */
-               MIPS32_ORI(8,8,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),
-               MIPS32_LW(9,0,8),                                                                       /* Load write val to $9 */
-
-               /* 8 */ MIPS32_MTC0(9,0,0),                                                     /* move $9 to COP0 [cp0_reg select] */
-
-               MIPS32_LW(9,0,15),                                                                      /* lw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(8,0,15),                                                                      /* lw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(12)),                                                            /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15,31,0),                                                           /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
+               MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0),                                                 /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
+               MIPS32_LUI(15, UPPER16(val)),                                           /* Load val to $15 */
+               MIPS32_ORI(15, 15, LOWER16(val)),
+
+               /* 3 */ MIPS32_MTC0(15, 0, 0),                                          /* move $15 to COP0 [cp0_reg select] */
+
+               MIPS32_B(NEG16(5)),                                                     /* b start */
+               MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0),                                                 /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
        };
 
        /**
         * Note that MIPS32_MTC0 macro is implemented via MIPS32_R_INST macro.
         * In order to insert our parameters, we must change rd and funct fields.
         */
-       code[8] |= (cp0_reg << 11) | cp0_sel;  /* change rd and funct fields of MIPS32_R_INST macro */
+       code[3] |= (cp0_reg << 11) | cp0_sel;  /* change rd and funct fields of MIPS32_R_INST macro */
 
-       /* TODO remove array */
-       uint32_t *param_in = malloc(1 * sizeof(uint32_t));
-       int retval;
-       param_in[0] = val;
-
-       retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code, 1, param_in, 0, NULL, 1);
-
-       free(param_in);
-
-       return retval;
+       return mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code, 0, NULL, 0, NULL, 1);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -697,39 +483,39 @@ int mips32_cp0_write(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
  * from one of the standard “hardware registers”.
  */
 static int mips32_pracc_sync_cache(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
-                                                                                       uint32_t start_addr, uint32_t end_addr)
+               uint32_t start_addr, uint32_t end_addr)
 {
        static const uint32_t code[] = {
                                                                                                                        /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15,31,0),                                                           /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),                     /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15,15,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8,0,15),                                                                      /* sw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(9,0,15),                                                                      /* sw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(10,0,15),                                                                     /* sw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(11,0,15),                                                                     /* sw $11,($15) */
-
-               MIPS32_LUI(8,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),           /* $8 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN */
-               MIPS32_ORI(8,8,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),
-               MIPS32_LW(9,0,8),                                                                       /* Load write start_addr to $9 */
-               MIPS32_LW(10,4,8),                                                                      /* Load write end_addr to $10 */
+               MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
+               MIPS32_LUI(15, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),            /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
+               MIPS32_ORI(15, 15, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
+               MIPS32_SW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $8,($15) */
+               MIPS32_SW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $9,($15) */
+               MIPS32_SW(10, 0, 15),                                                           /* sw $10,($15) */
+               MIPS32_SW(11, 0, 15),                                                           /* sw $11,($15) */
+
+               MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),          /* $8 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN */
+               MIPS32_ORI(8, 8, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),
+               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 8),                                                                     /* Load write start_addr to $9 */
+               MIPS32_LW(10, 4, 8),                                                            /* Load write end_addr to $10 */
 
                MIPS32_RDHWR(11, MIPS32_SYNCI_STEP),                            /* $11 = MIPS32_SYNCI_STEP */
-               MIPS32_BEQ(11,0,6),                                                                     /* beq $11, $0, end */
+               MIPS32_BEQ(11, 0, 6),                                                           /* beq $11, $0, end */
                MIPS32_NOP,
                                                                                                                        /* synci_loop : */
-               MIPS32_SYNCI(0,9),                                                                      /* synci 0($9) */
-               MIPS32_SLTU(8,10,9),                                                            /* sltu $8, $10, $9  # $8 = $10 < $9 ? 1 : 0 */
-               MIPS32_BNE(8,0,NEG16(3)),                                                       /* bne $8, $0, synci_loop */
+               MIPS32_SYNCI(0, 9),                                                                     /* synci 0($9) */
+               MIPS32_SLTU(8, 10, 9),                                                          /* sltu $8, $10, $9  # $8 = $10 < $9 ? 1 : 0 */
+               MIPS32_BNE(8, 0, NEG16(3)),                                                     /* bne $8, $0, synci_loop */
                MIPS32_ADDU(9, 9, 11),                                                          /* $9 += MIPS32_SYNCI_STEP */
                MIPS32_SYNC,
                                                                                                                        /* end: */
-               MIPS32_LW(11,0,15),                                                                     /* lw $11,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(10,0,15),                                                                     /* lw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(9,0,15),                                                                      /* lw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(8,0,15),                                                                      /* lw $8,($15) */
+               MIPS32_LW(11, 0, 15),                                                           /* lw $11,($15) */
+               MIPS32_LW(10, 0, 15),                                                           /* lw $10,($15) */
+               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $9,($15) */
+               MIPS32_LW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $8,($15) */
                MIPS32_B(NEG16(24)),                                                            /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15,31,0),                                                           /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
+               MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
        };
 
        /* TODO remove array */
@@ -756,39 +542,39 @@ static int mips32_pracc_clean_invalidate_cache(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
 {
        static const uint32_t code[] = {
                                                                                                                        /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15,31,0),                                                           /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),                     /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15,15,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8,0,15),                                                                      /* sw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(9,0,15),                                                                      /* sw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(10,0,15),                                                                     /* sw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(11,0,15),                                                                     /* sw $11,($15) */
-
-               MIPS32_LUI(8,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),           /* $8 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN */
-               MIPS32_ORI(8,8,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),
-               MIPS32_LW(9,0,8),                                                                       /* Load write start_addr to $9 */
-               MIPS32_LW(10,4,8),                                                                      /* Load write end_addr to $10 */
-               MIPS32_LW(11,8,8),                                                                      /* Load write clsiz to $11 */
+               MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
+               MIPS32_LUI(15, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),            /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
+               MIPS32_ORI(15, 15, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
+               MIPS32_SW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $8,($15) */
+               MIPS32_SW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $9,($15) */
+               MIPS32_SW(10, 0, 15),                                                           /* sw $10,($15) */
+               MIPS32_SW(11, 0, 15),                                                           /* sw $11,($15) */
+
+               MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),          /* $8 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN */
+               MIPS32_ORI(8, 8, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),
+               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 8),                                                                     /* Load write start_addr to $9 */
+               MIPS32_LW(10, 4, 8),                                                            /* Load write end_addr to $10 */
+               MIPS32_LW(11, 8, 8),                                                            /* Load write clsiz to $11 */
 
                                                                                                                        /* cache_loop: */
-               MIPS32_SLTU(8,10,9),                                                            /* sltu $8, $10, $9  :  $8 <- $10 < $9 ? */
-               MIPS32_BGTZ(8,6),                                                                       /* bgtz $8, end */
+               MIPS32_SLTU(8, 10, 9),                                                          /* sltu $8, $10, $9  :  $8 <- $10 < $9 ? */
+               MIPS32_BGTZ(8, 6),                                                                      /* bgtz $8, end */
                MIPS32_NOP,
 
-               MIPS32_CACHE(MIPS32_CACHE_D_HIT_WRITEBACK,0,9),         /* cache Hit_Writeback_D, 0($9) */
-               MIPS32_CACHE(MIPS32_CACHE_I_HIT_INVALIDATE,0,9),        /* cache Hit_Invalidate_I, 0($9) */
+               MIPS32_CACHE(MIPS32_CACHE_D_HIT_WRITEBACK, 0, 9),               /* cache Hit_Writeback_D, 0($9) */
+               MIPS32_CACHE(MIPS32_CACHE_I_HIT_INVALIDATE, 0, 9),      /* cache Hit_Invalidate_I, 0($9) */
 
-               MIPS32_ADDU(9,9,11),                                                            /* $9 += $11 */
+               MIPS32_ADDU(9, 9, 11),                                                          /* $9 += $11 */
 
                MIPS32_B(NEG16(7)),                                                                     /* b cache_loop */
                MIPS32_NOP,
                                                                                                                        /* end: */
-               MIPS32_LW(11,0,15),                                                                     /* lw $11,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(10,0,15),                                                                     /* lw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(9,0,15),                                                                      /* lw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(8,0,15),                                                                      /* lw $8,($15) */
+               MIPS32_LW(11, 0, 15),                                                           /* lw $11,($15) */
+               MIPS32_LW(10, 0, 15),                                                           /* lw $10,($15) */
+               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $9,($15) */
+               MIPS32_LW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $8,($15) */
                MIPS32_B(NEG16(25)),                                                            /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15,31,0),                                                           /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
+               MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
        };
 
        /**
@@ -817,33 +603,100 @@ static int mips32_pracc_clean_invalidate_cache(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
        return retval;
 }
 
-
-int mips32_pracc_write_mem(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int size, int count, void *buf)
+static int mips32_pracc_write_mem_generic(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int size, int count, void *buf)
 {
-       int retval;
+       uint32_t *code;
+       code = malloc((128 * 3 + 9) * sizeof(uint32_t));        /* alloc memory for the worst case */
+       if (code == NULL) {
+               LOG_ERROR("Out of memory");
+               return ERROR_FAIL;
+       }
 
-       switch (size)
-       {
-               case 1:
-                       retval = mips32_pracc_write_mem8(ejtag_info, addr, count, (uint8_t*)buf);
-                       break;
-               case 2:
-                       retval = mips32_pracc_write_mem16(ejtag_info, addr, count,(uint16_t*)buf);
-                       break;
-               case 4:
-                       if (count == 1)
-                       {
-                               retval = mips32_pracc_write_u32(ejtag_info, addr, (uint32_t*)buf);
+       uint32_t *buf32 = buf;
+       uint16_t *buf16 = buf;
+       uint8_t *buf8 = buf;
+
+       int i;
+       int retval = ERROR_FAIL;
+       uint32_t *code_p;
+       uint32_t upper_base_addr, last_upper_base_addr;
+       int this_round_count;
+       int code_len;
+
+       while (count) {
+               this_round_count = (count > 128) ? 128 : count;
+               last_upper_base_addr = UPPER16((addr + 0x8000));
+               code_p = code;
+
+               *code_p++ = MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0);                                     /* save $15 in DeSave */
+               *code_p++ = MIPS32_LUI(15, last_upper_base_addr);                       /* load $15 with memory base address */
+               code_len = 2;
+
+               for (i = 0; i != this_round_count; i++) {
+                       upper_base_addr = UPPER16((addr + 0x8000));
+                       if (last_upper_base_addr != upper_base_addr) {
+                               *code_p++ = MIPS32_LUI(15, upper_base_addr);            /* if needed, change upper address in $15*/
+                               code_len++;
+                               last_upper_base_addr = upper_base_addr;
                        }
-                       else
-                       {
-                               retval = mips32_pracc_write_mem32(ejtag_info, addr, count, (uint32_t*)buf);
+
+                       if (size == 4) {        /* for word write check if one half word is 0 and load it accordingly */
+                               if (LOWER16(*buf32) == 0) {
+                                       *code_p++ = MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(*buf32));             /* load only upper value */
+                                       code_len++;
+                               } else if (UPPER16(*buf32) == 0) {
+                                       *code_p++ = MIPS32_ORI(8, 0, LOWER16(*buf32));          /* load only lower value */
+                                       code_len++;
+                               } else {
+                                       *code_p++ = MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(*buf32));             /* load upper and lower */
+                                       *code_p++ = MIPS32_ORI(8, 8, LOWER16(*buf32));
+                                       code_len += 2;
+                               }
+                               *code_p++ = MIPS32_SW(8, LOWER16(addr), 15);                    /* store word to memory */
+                               code_len++;
+                               buf32++;
+
+                       } else if (size == 2) {
+                               *code_p++ = MIPS32_ORI(8, 0, *buf16);                           /* load lower value */
+                               *code_p++ = MIPS32_SH(8, LOWER16(addr), 15);            /* store half word to memory */
+                               code_len += 2;
+                               buf16++;
+
+                       } else {
+                               *code_p++ = MIPS32_ORI(8, 0, *buf8);                            /* load lower value */
+                               *code_p++ = MIPS32_SB(8, LOWER16(addr), 15);                    /* store byte to memory */
+                               code_len += 2;
+                               buf8++;
                        }
-                       break;
-               default:
-                       retval = ERROR_FAIL;
+
+                       addr += size;
+               }
+
+               *code_p++ = MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(ejtag_info->reg8)),                   /* restore upper 16 bits of reg 8 */
+               *code_p++ = MIPS32_ORI(8, 8, LOWER16(ejtag_info->reg8)),                /* restore lower 16 bits of reg 8 */
+
+               code_len += 4;
+               *code_p++ = MIPS32_B(NEG16(code_len - 1));                                      /* jump to start */
+               *code_p = MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0);                                       /* restore $15 from DeSave */
+
+               retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, code_len, code, 0, NULL, 0, NULL, 1);
+               if (retval != ERROR_OK)
+                       goto exit;
+
+               count -= this_round_count;
        }
 
+exit:
+       free(code);
+       return retval;
+}
+
+int mips32_pracc_write_mem(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int size, int count, void *buf)
+{
+       int retval = mips32_pracc_write_mem_generic(ejtag_info, addr, size, count, buf);
+       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
+               return retval;
+
        /**
         * If we are in the cachable regoion and cache is activated,
         * we must clean D$ + invalidate I$ after we did the write,
@@ -853,19 +706,18 @@ int mips32_pracc_write_mem(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int siz
        uint32_t conf = 0;
        int cached = 0;
 
+       if ((KSEGX(addr) == KSEG1) || ((addr >= 0xff200000) && (addr <= 0xff3fffff)))
+               return retval; /*Nothing to do*/
+
        mips32_cp0_read(ejtag_info, &conf, 16, 0);
 
-       switch (KSEGX(addr))
-       {
+       switch (KSEGX(addr)) {
                case KUSEG:
                        cached = (conf & MIPS32_CONFIG0_KU_MASK) >> MIPS32_CONFIG0_KU_SHIFT;
                        break;
-               case KSEG0 :
+               case KSEG0:
                        cached = (conf & MIPS32_CONFIG0_K0_MASK) >> MIPS32_CONFIG0_K0_SHIFT;
                        break;
-               case KSEG1:
-                       /* uncachable segment - nothing to do */
-                       break;
                case KSEG2:
                case KSEG3:
                        cached = (conf & MIPS32_CONFIG0_K23_MASK) >> MIPS32_CONFIG0_K23_SHIFT;
@@ -880,8 +732,7 @@ int mips32_pracc_write_mem(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int siz
         * is the region cacheable or uncached.
         * If cacheable we have to synchronize the cache
         */
-       if (cached == 0x3)
-       {
+       if (cached == 0x3) {
                uint32_t start_addr, end_addr;
                uint32_t rel;
 
@@ -890,17 +741,16 @@ int mips32_pracc_write_mem(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int siz
 
                /** select cache synchronisation mechanism based on Architecture Release */
                rel = (conf & MIPS32_CONFIG0_AR_MASK) >> MIPS32_CONFIG0_AR_SHIFT;
-               switch (rel)
-               {
-                       case MIPS32_ARCH_REL1 :
+               switch (rel) {
+                       case MIPS32_ARCH_REL1:
                                /* MIPS32/64 Release 1 - we must use cache instruction */
                                mips32_pracc_clean_invalidate_cache(ejtag_info, start_addr, end_addr);
                                break;
-                       case MIPS32_ARCH_REL2 :
+                       case MIPS32_ARCH_REL2:
                                /* MIPS32/64 Release 2 - we can use synci instruction */
                                mips32_pracc_sync_cache(ejtag_info, start_addr, end_addr);
                                break;
-                       default :
+                       default:
                                /* what ? */
                                break;
                }
@@ -909,346 +759,104 @@ int mips32_pracc_write_mem(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int siz
        return retval;
 }
 
-static int mips32_pracc_write_mem32(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int count, uint32_t *buf)
-{
-       static const uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                                       /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15,31,0),                                                           /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),                     /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15,15,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8,0,15),                                                                      /* sw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(9,0,15),                                                                      /* sw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(10,0,15),                                                                     /* sw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(11,0,15),                                                                     /* sw $11,($15) */
-
-               MIPS32_ADDI(8,15,NEG16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK-MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),  /* $8= MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN */
-               MIPS32_LW(9,0,8),                                                                       /* Load write addr to $9 */
-               MIPS32_LW(10,4,8),                                                                      /* Load write count to $10 */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(8,8,8),                                                                     /* $8 += 8 beginning of data */
-
-                                                                                                                       /* loop: */
-               MIPS32_LW(11,0,8),                                                                      /* lw $11,0($8), Load $11 with the word @mem[$8] */
-               MIPS32_SW(11,0,9),                                                                      /* sw $11,0($9) */
-
-               MIPS32_ADDI(9,9,4),                                                                     /* $9 += 4 */
-               MIPS32_BNE(10,9,NEG16(4)),                                                      /* bne $10, $9, loop */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(8,8,4),                                                                     /* $8 += 4 */
-
-                                                                                                                       /* end: */
-               MIPS32_LW(11,0,15),                                                                     /* lw $11,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(10,0,15),                                                                     /* lw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(9,0,15),                                                                      /* lw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(8,0,15),                                                                      /* lw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(21)),                                                            /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15,31,0),                                                           /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
-       };
-
-       /* TODO remove array */
-       uint32_t *param_in = malloc((count + 2) * sizeof(uint32_t));
-       param_in[0] = addr;
-       param_in[1] = addr + (count * sizeof(uint32_t));        /* last address */
-
-       memcpy(&param_in[2], buf, count * sizeof(uint32_t));
-
-       int retval;
-       retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code,
-               count + 2, param_in, 0, NULL, 1);
-
-       free(param_in);
-
-       return retval;
-}
-
-static int mips32_pracc_write_u32(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, uint32_t *buf)
+int mips32_pracc_write_regs(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t *regs)
 {
-       static const uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                                       /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15,31,0),                                                           /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),                     /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15,15,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8,0,15),                                                                      /* sw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(9,0,15),                                                                      /* sw $9,($15) */
-
-               MIPS32_LW(8,NEG16((MIPS32_PRACC_STACK-MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)-4), 15),   /* load R8 @ param_in[1] = data */
-               MIPS32_LW(9,NEG16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK-MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN), 15),               /* load R9 @ param_in[0] = address */
-
-               MIPS32_SW(8,0,9),                                                                       /* sw $8,0($9) */
-
-               MIPS32_LW(9,0,15),                                                                      /* lw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(8,0,15),                                                                      /* lw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(11)),                                                            /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15,31,0),                                                           /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
+       static const uint32_t cp0_write_code[] = {
+               MIPS32_MTC0(1, 12, 0),                                                  /* move $1 to status */
+               MIPS32_MTLO(1),                                                                 /* move $1 to lo */
+               MIPS32_MTHI(1),                                                                 /* move $1 to hi */
+               MIPS32_MTC0(1, 8, 0),                                                   /* move $1 to badvaddr */
+               MIPS32_MTC0(1, 13, 0),                                                  /* move $1 to cause*/
+               MIPS32_MTC0(1, 24, 0),                                                  /* move $1 to depc (pc) */
        };
 
-       /* TODO remove array */
-       uint32_t param_in[1 + 1];
-       param_in[0] = addr;
-       param_in[1] = *buf;
-
-       return mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code,
-               ARRAY_SIZE(param_in), param_in, 0, NULL, 1);
-}
-
-static int mips32_pracc_write_mem16(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int count, uint16_t *buf)
-{
-       static const uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                                       /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15,31,0),                                                           /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),                     /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15,15,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8,0,15),                                                                      /* sw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(9,0,15),                                                                      /* sw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(10,0,15),                                                                     /* sw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(11,0,15),                                                                     /* sw $11,($15) */
-
-               MIPS32_LUI(8,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),           /* $8 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN */
-               MIPS32_ORI(8,8,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),
-               MIPS32_LW(9,0,8),                                                                       /* Load write addr to $9 */
-               MIPS32_LW(10,4,8),                                                                      /* Load write count to $10 */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(8,8,8),                                                                     /* $8 += 8 */
-                                                                                                                       /* loop: */
-               MIPS32_BEQ(0,10,8),                                                                     /* beq $0, $10, end */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
-
-               MIPS32_LW(11,0,8),                                                                      /* lw $11,0($8), Load $11 with the word @mem[$8] */
-               MIPS32_SH(11,0,9),                                                                      /* sh $11,0($9) */
-
-               MIPS32_ADDI(10,10,NEG16(1)),                                            /* $10-- */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(9,9,2),                                                                     /* $9 += 2 */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(8,8,4),                                                                     /* $8 += 4 */
-
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(8)),                                                                     /* b loop */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
-                                                                                                                       /* end: */
-               MIPS32_LW(11,0,15),                                                                     /* lw $11,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(10,0,15),                                                                     /* lw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(9,0,15),                                                                      /* lw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(8,0,15),                                                                      /* lw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(26)),                                                            /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15,31,0),                                                           /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
-       };
+       uint32_t *code;
+       code = malloc((37 * 2 + 6 + 1) * sizeof(uint32_t));     /* alloc memory for the worst case */
+       if (code == NULL) {
+               LOG_ERROR("Out of memory");
+               return ERROR_FAIL;
+       }
 
-       /* TODO remove array */
-       uint32_t *param_in = malloc((count + 2) * sizeof(uint32_t));
-       int i;
-       param_in[0] = addr;
-       param_in[1] = count;
+       uint32_t *code_p = code;
+       int code_len = 0;
+       /* load registers 2 to 31 with lui an ori instructions, check if same instructions can be saved */
+       for (int i = 2; i < 32; i++) {
+               if (LOWER16((regs[i])) == 0) {
+                       *code_p++ = MIPS32_LUI(i, UPPER16((regs[i])));          /* if lower half word is 0, lui instruction only */
+                       code_len++;
+               } else if (UPPER16((regs[i])) == 0) {
+                       *code_p++ = MIPS32_ORI(i, 0, LOWER16((regs[i])));       /* if upper half word is 0, ori with $0 only*/
+                       code_len++;
+               } else {
+                       *code_p++ = MIPS32_LUI(i, UPPER16((regs[i])));          /* default, load with lui and ori instructions */
+                       *code_p++ = MIPS32_ORI(i, i, LOWER16((regs[i])));
+                       code_len += 2;
+               }
+       }
 
-       for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
-       {
-               param_in[i + 2] = buf[i];
+       for (int i = 0; i != 6; i++) {
+               *code_p++ = MIPS32_LUI(1, UPPER16((regs[i + 32])));             /* load CPO value in $1, with lui and ori */
+               *code_p++ = MIPS32_ORI(1, 1, LOWER16((regs[i + 32])));
+               *code_p++ = cp0_write_code[i];                                  /* write value from $1 to CPO register */
+               code_len += 3;
        }
 
-       int retval;
-       retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code,
-               count + 2, param_in, 0, NULL, 1);
+       *code_p++ = MIPS32_LUI(1, UPPER16((regs[1])));                          /* load upper half word in $1 */
+       code_len += 3;
+       *code_p++ = MIPS32_B(NEG16(code_len - 1)),                                                      /* b start */
+       *code_p = MIPS32_ORI(1, 1, LOWER16((regs[1])));                         /* load lower half word in $1 */
 
-       free(param_in);
+       int retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, code_len, code, 0, NULL, 0, NULL, 1);
+       free(code);
 
+       ejtag_info->reg8 = regs[8];
+       ejtag_info->reg9 = regs[9];
        return retval;
 }
 
-static int mips32_pracc_write_mem8(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int count, uint8_t *buf)
+int mips32_pracc_read_regs(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t *regs)
 {
-       static const uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                                       /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15,31,0),                                                           /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),                     /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15,15,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8,0,15),                                                                      /* sw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(9,0,15),                                                                      /* sw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(10,0,15),                                                                     /* sw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(11,0,15),                                                                     /* sw $11,($15) */
-
-               MIPS32_LUI(8,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),           /* $8 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN */
-               MIPS32_ORI(8,8,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),
-               MIPS32_LW(9,0,8),                                                                       /* Load write addr to $9 */
-               MIPS32_LW(10,4,8),                                                                      /* Load write count to $10 */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(8,8,8),                                                                     /* $8 += 8 */
-                                                                                                                       /* loop: */
-               MIPS32_BEQ(0,10,8),                                                                     /* beq $0, $10, end */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
-
-               MIPS32_LW(11,0,8),                                                                      /* lw $11,0($8), Load $11 with the word @mem[$8] */
-               MIPS32_SB(11,0,9),                                                                      /* sb $11,0($9) */
-
-               MIPS32_ADDI(10,10,NEG16(1)),                                            /* $10-- */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(9,9,1),                                                                     /* $9 += 1 */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(8,8,4),                                                                     /* $8 += 4 */
-
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(8)),                                                                     /* b loop */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
-                                                                                                                       /* end: */
-               MIPS32_LW(11,0,15),                                                                     /* lw $11,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(10,0,15),                                                                     /* lw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(9,0,15),                                                                      /* lw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(8,0,15),                                                                      /* lw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(26)),                                                            /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15,31,0),                                                           /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
+       static int cp0_read_code[] = {
+               MIPS32_MFC0(2, 12, 0),                                                  /* move status to $2 */
+               MIPS32_MFLO(2),                                                                 /* move lo to $2 */
+               MIPS32_MFHI(2),                                                                 /* move hi to $2 */
+               MIPS32_MFC0(2, 8, 0),                                                   /* move badvaddr to $2 */
+               MIPS32_MFC0(2, 13, 0),                                                  /* move cause to $2 */
+               MIPS32_MFC0(2, 24, 0),                                                  /* move depc (pc) to $2 */
        };
 
-       /* TODO remove array */
-       uint32_t *param_in = malloc((count + 2) * sizeof(uint32_t));
-       int retval;
-       int i;
-       param_in[0] = addr;
-       param_in[1] = count;
-
-       for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
-       {
-               param_in[i + 2] = buf[i];
+       uint32_t *code;
+       code = malloc(49 * sizeof(uint32_t));
+       if (code == NULL) {
+               LOG_ERROR("Out of memory");
+               return ERROR_FAIL;
        }
 
-       retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code,
-               count + 2, param_in, 0, NULL, 1);
-
-       free(param_in);
-
-       return retval;
-}
+       uint32_t *code_p = code;
 
-int mips32_pracc_write_regs(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t *regs)
-{
-       static const uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                               /* start: */
-               MIPS32_LUI(2,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),   /* $2 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN */
-               MIPS32_ORI(2,2,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),
-               MIPS32_LW(1,1*4,2),                                                             /* lw $1,1*4($2) */
-               MIPS32_LW(15,15*4,2),                                                   /* lw $15,15*4($2) */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15,31,0),                                                   /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),             /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15,15,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(1,0,15),                                                              /* sw $1,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LUI(1,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),   /* $1 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN */
-               MIPS32_ORI(1,1,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),
-               MIPS32_LW(3,3*4,1),                                                             /* lw $3,3*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(4,4*4,1),                                                             /* lw $4,4*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(5,5*4,1),                                                             /* lw $5,5*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(6,6*4,1),                                                             /* lw $6,6*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(7,7*4,1),                                                             /* lw $7,7*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(8,8*4,1),                                                             /* lw $8,8*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(9,9*4,1),                                                             /* lw $9,9*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(10,10*4,1),                                                   /* lw $10,10*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(11,11*4,1),                                                   /* lw $11,11*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(12,12*4,1),                                                   /* lw $12,12*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(13,13*4,1),                                                   /* lw $13,13*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(14,14*4,1),                                                   /* lw $14,14*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(16,16*4,1),                                                   /* lw $16,16*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(17,17*4,1),                                                   /* lw $17,17*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(18,18*4,1),                                                   /* lw $18,18*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(19,19*4,1),                                                   /* lw $19,19*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(20,20*4,1),                                                   /* lw $20,20*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(21,21*4,1),                                                   /* lw $21,21*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(22,22*4,1),                                                   /* lw $22,22*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(23,23*4,1),                                                   /* lw $23,23*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(24,24*4,1),                                                   /* lw $24,24*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(25,25*4,1),                                                   /* lw $25,25*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(26,26*4,1),                                                   /* lw $26,26*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(27,27*4,1),                                                   /* lw $27,27*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(28,28*4,1),                                                   /* lw $28,28*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(29,29*4,1),                                                   /* lw $29,29*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(30,30*4,1),                                                   /* lw $30,30*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(31,31*4,1),                                                   /* lw $31,31*4($1) */
-
-               MIPS32_LW(2,32*4,1),                                                    /* lw $2,32*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(2,12,0),                                                    /* move $2 to status */
-               MIPS32_LW(2,33*4,1),                                                    /* lw $2,33*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_MTLO(2),                                                                 /* move $2 to lo */
-               MIPS32_LW(2,34*4,1),                                                    /* lw $2,34*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_MTHI(2),                                                                 /* move $2 to hi */
-               MIPS32_LW(2,35*4,1),                                                    /* lw $2,35*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(2,8,0),                                                             /* move $2 to badvaddr */
-               MIPS32_LW(2,36*4,1),                                                    /* lw $2,36*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(2,13,0),                                                    /* move $2 to cause*/
-               MIPS32_LW(2,37*4,1),                                                    /* lw $2,37*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(2,24,0),                                                    /* move $2 to depc (pc) */
-
-               MIPS32_LW(2,2*4,1),                                                             /* lw $2,2*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(1,0,15),                                                              /* lw $1,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(53)),                                                    /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15,31,0),                                                   /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
-       };
-
-       int retval;
+       *code_p++ = MIPS32_MTC0(1, 31, 0),                                              /* move $1 to COP0 DeSave */
+       *code_p++ = MIPS32_LUI(1, PRACC_UPPER_BASE_ADDR);                               /* $1 = MIP32_PRACC_BASE_ADDR */
 
-       retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code,
-                       MIPS32NUMCOREREGS, regs, 0, NULL, 1);
+       for (int i = 2; i != 32; i++)
+               *code_p++ = MIPS32_SW(i, PRACC_OUT_OFFSET + (i * 4), 1);                /* store GPR's 2 to 31 */
 
-       return retval;
-}
+       for (int i = 0; i != 6; i++) {
+               *code_p++ = cp0_read_code[i];                                           /* load COP0 needed registers to $2 */
+               *code_p++ = MIPS32_SW(2, PRACC_OUT_OFFSET + (i + 32) * 4, 1);   /* store COP0 registers from $2 to param out */
+       }
 
-int mips32_pracc_read_regs(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t *regs)
-{
-       static const uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                               /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(2,31,0),                                                    /* move $2 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(2,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)),  /* $2 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT */
-               MIPS32_ORI(2,2,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)),
-               MIPS32_SW(0,0*4,2),                                                             /* sw $0,0*4($2) */
-               MIPS32_SW(1,1*4,2),                                                             /* sw $1,1*4($2) */
-               MIPS32_SW(15,15*4,2),                                                   /* sw $15,15*4($2) */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(2,31,0),                                                    /* move COP0 DeSave to $2 */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15,31,0),                                                   /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),             /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15,15,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(1,0,15),                                                              /* sw $1,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(2,0,15),                                                              /* sw $2,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LUI(1,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)),  /* $1 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT */
-               MIPS32_ORI(1,1,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)),
-               MIPS32_SW(2,2*4,1),                                                             /* sw $2,2*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(3,3*4,1),                                                             /* sw $3,3*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(4,4*4,1),                                                             /* sw $4,4*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(5,5*4,1),                                                             /* sw $5,5*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(6,6*4,1),                                                             /* sw $6,6*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(7,7*4,1),                                                             /* sw $7,7*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(8,8*4,1),                                                             /* sw $8,8*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(9,9*4,1),                                                             /* sw $9,9*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(10,10*4,1),                                                   /* sw $10,10*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(11,11*4,1),                                                   /* sw $11,11*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(12,12*4,1),                                                   /* sw $12,12*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(13,13*4,1),                                                   /* sw $13,13*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(14,14*4,1),                                                   /* sw $14,14*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(16,16*4,1),                                                   /* sw $16,16*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(17,17*4,1),                                                   /* sw $17,17*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(18,18*4,1),                                                   /* sw $18,18*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(19,19*4,1),                                                   /* sw $19,19*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(20,20*4,1),                                                   /* sw $20,20*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(21,21*4,1),                                                   /* sw $21,21*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(22,22*4,1),                                                   /* sw $22,22*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(23,23*4,1),                                                   /* sw $23,23*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(24,24*4,1),                                                   /* sw $24,24*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(25,25*4,1),                                                   /* sw $25,25*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(26,26*4,1),                                                   /* sw $26,26*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(27,27*4,1),                                                   /* sw $27,27*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(28,28*4,1),                                                   /* sw $28,28*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(29,29*4,1),                                                   /* sw $29,29*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(30,30*4,1),                                                   /* sw $30,30*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(31,31*4,1),                                                   /* sw $31,31*4($1) */
-
-               MIPS32_MFC0(2,12,0),                                                    /* move status to $2 */
-               MIPS32_SW(2,32*4,1),                                                    /* sw $2,32*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_MFLO(2),                                                                 /* move lo to $2 */
-               MIPS32_SW(2,33*4,1),                                                    /* sw $2,33*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_MFHI(2),                                                                 /* move hi to $2 */
-               MIPS32_SW(2,34*4,1),                                                    /* sw $2,34*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(2,8,0),                                                             /* move badvaddr to $2 */
-               MIPS32_SW(2,35*4,1),                                                    /* sw $2,35*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(2,13,0),                                                    /* move cause to $2 */
-               MIPS32_SW(2,36*4,1),                                                    /* sw $2,36*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(2,24,0),                                                    /* move depc (pc) to $2 */
-               MIPS32_SW(2,37*4,1),                                                    /* sw $2,37*4($1) */
-
-               MIPS32_LW(2,0,15),                                                              /* lw $2,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(1,0,15),                                                              /* lw $1,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(58)),                                                    /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15,31,0),                                                   /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
-       };
+       *code_p++ = MIPS32_MFC0(2, 31, 0),                                              /* move DeSave to $2, reg1 value */
+       *code_p++ = MIPS32_SW(2, PRACC_OUT_OFFSET + 4, 1);                              /* store reg1 value from $2 to param out */
 
-       int retval;
+       *code_p++ = MIPS32_LW(2, PRACC_OUT_OFFSET + 8, 1);                              /* restore $2 from param out (singularity) */
+       *code_p++ = MIPS32_B(NEG16(48));                                                /* b start */
+       *code_p = MIPS32_MFC0(1, 31, 0);                                                /* move COP0 DeSave to $1 */
 
-       retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code,
-               0, NULL, MIPS32NUMCOREREGS, regs, 1);
+       int retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, 49, code, 0, NULL, MIPS32NUMCOREREGS, regs, 1);
+       free(code);
 
+       ejtag_info->reg8 = regs[8];
+       ejtag_info->reg9 = regs[9];
        return retval;
 }
 
@@ -1260,41 +868,41 @@ int mips32_pracc_read_regs(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t *regs)
  * 3. data ...
  */
 int mips32_pracc_fastdata_xfer(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, struct working_area *source,
-                                                               int write_t, uint32_t addr, int count, uint32_t *buf)
+               int write_t, uint32_t addr, int count, uint32_t *buf)
 {
        uint32_t handler_code[] = {
                /* caution when editing, table is modified below */
                /* r15 points to the start of this code */
-               MIPS32_SW(8,MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 4,15),
-               MIPS32_SW(9,MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 8,15),
-               MIPS32_SW(10,MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 12,15),
-               MIPS32_SW(11,MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 16,15),
+               MIPS32_SW(8, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 4, 15),
+               MIPS32_SW(9, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 8, 15),
+               MIPS32_SW(10, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 12, 15),
+               MIPS32_SW(11, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 16, 15),
                /* start of fastdata area in t0 */
-               MIPS32_LUI(8,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_FASTDATA_AREA)),
-               MIPS32_ORI(8,8,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_FASTDATA_AREA)),
-               MIPS32_LW(9,0,8),                                                               /* start addr in t1 */
-               MIPS32_LW(10,0,8),                                                              /* end addr to t2 */
+               MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_FASTDATA_AREA)),
+               MIPS32_ORI(8, 8, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_FASTDATA_AREA)),
+               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 8),                                                             /* start addr in t1 */
+               MIPS32_LW(10, 0, 8),                                                    /* end addr to t2 */
                                                                                                                /* loop: */
-               /* 8 */ MIPS32_LW(11,0,0),                                              /* lw t3,[t8 | r9] */
-               /* 9 */ MIPS32_SW(11,0,0),                                              /* sw t3,[r9 | r8] */
-               MIPS32_BNE(10,9,NEG16(3)),                                              /* bne $t2,t1,loop */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(9,9,4),                                                             /* addi t1,t1,4 */
-
-               MIPS32_LW(8,MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 4,15),
-               MIPS32_LW(9,MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 8,15),
-               MIPS32_LW(10,MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 12,15),
-               MIPS32_LW(11,MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 16,15),
-
-               MIPS32_LUI(15,UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT)),
-               MIPS32_ORI(15,15,LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT)),
-               MIPS32_JR(15),                                                                  /* jr start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15,31,0),                                                   /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
+               /* 8 */ MIPS32_LW(11, 0, 0),                                    /* lw t3,[t8 | r9] */
+               /* 9 */ MIPS32_SW(11, 0, 0),                                    /* sw t3,[r9 | r8] */
+               MIPS32_BNE(10, 9, NEG16(3)),                                    /* bne $t2,t1,loop */
+               MIPS32_ADDI(9, 9, 4),                                                   /* addi t1,t1,4 */
+
+               MIPS32_LW(8, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 4, 15),
+               MIPS32_LW(9, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 8, 15),
+               MIPS32_LW(10, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 12, 15),
+               MIPS32_LW(11, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 16, 15),
+
+               MIPS32_LUI(15, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT)),
+               MIPS32_ORI(15, 15, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT)),
+               MIPS32_JR(15),                                                          /* jr start */
+               MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0),                                         /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
        };
 
        uint32_t jmp_code[] = {
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15,31,0),                   /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               /* 1 */ MIPS32_LUI(15,0),               /* addr of working area added below */
-               /* 2 */ MIPS32_ORI(15,15,0),    /* addr of working area added below */
+               MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0),                 /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
+               /* 1 */ MIPS32_LUI(15, 0),              /* addr of working area added below */
+               /* 2 */ MIPS32_ORI(15, 15, 0),  /* addr of working area added below */
                MIPS32_JR(15),                                  /* jump to ram program */
                MIPS32_NOP,
        };
@@ -1305,21 +913,17 @@ int mips32_pracc_fastdata_xfer(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, struct working_are
        if (source->size < MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE)
                return ERROR_TARGET_RESOURCE_NOT_AVAILABLE;
 
-       if (write_t)
-       {
-               handler_code[8] = MIPS32_LW(11,0,8);    /* load data from probe at fastdata area */
-               handler_code[9] = MIPS32_SW(11,0,9);    /* store data to RAM @ r9 */
-       }
-       else
-       {
-               handler_code[8] = MIPS32_LW(11,0,9);    /* load data from RAM @ r9 */
-               handler_code[9] = MIPS32_SW(11,0,8);    /* store data to probe at fastdata area */
+       if (write_t) {
+               handler_code[8] = MIPS32_LW(11, 0, 8);  /* load data from probe at fastdata area */
+               handler_code[9] = MIPS32_SW(11, 0, 9);  /* store data to RAM @ r9 */
+       } else {
+               handler_code[8] = MIPS32_LW(11, 0, 9);  /* load data from RAM @ r9 */
+               handler_code[9] = MIPS32_SW(11, 0, 8);  /* store data to probe at fastdata area */
        }
 
        /* write program into RAM */
-       if (write_t != ejtag_info->fast_access_save)
-       {
-               mips32_pracc_write_mem32(ejtag_info, source->address, ARRAY_SIZE(handler_code), handler_code);
+       if (write_t != ejtag_info->fast_access_save) {
+               mips32_pracc_write_mem_generic(ejtag_info, source->address, 4, ARRAY_SIZE(handler_code), handler_code);
                /* save previous operation to speed to any consecutive read/writes */
                ejtag_info->fast_access_save = write_t;
        }
@@ -1329,9 +933,9 @@ int mips32_pracc_fastdata_xfer(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, struct working_are
        jmp_code[1] |= UPPER16(source->address);
        jmp_code[2] |= LOWER16(source->address);
 
-       for (i = 0; i < (int) ARRAY_SIZE(jmp_code); i++)
-       {
-               if ((retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info, &ejtag_ctrl)) != ERROR_OK)
+       for (i = 0; i < (int) ARRAY_SIZE(jmp_code); i++) {
+               retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info, &ejtag_ctrl);
+               if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                        return retval;
 
                mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_DATA);
@@ -1343,7 +947,9 @@ int mips32_pracc_fastdata_xfer(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, struct working_are
                mips_ejtag_drscan_32_out(ejtag_info, ejtag_ctrl);
        }
 
-       if ((retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info, &ejtag_ctrl)) != ERROR_OK)
+       /* wait PrAcc pending bit for FASTDATA write */
+       retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info, &ejtag_ctrl);
+       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                return retval;
 
        /* next fetch to dmseg should be in FASTDATA_AREA, check */
@@ -1356,32 +962,34 @@ int mips32_pracc_fastdata_xfer(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, struct working_are
        if (address != MIPS32_PRACC_FASTDATA_AREA)
                return ERROR_FAIL;
 
-       /* wait PrAcc pending bit for FASTDATA write */
-       if ((retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info, &ejtag_ctrl)) != ERROR_OK)
-               return retval;
-
        /* Send the load start address */
        val = addr;
        mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_FASTDATA);
        mips_ejtag_fastdata_scan(ejtag_info, 1, &val);
 
+       retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info, &ejtag_ctrl);
+       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
+               return retval;
+
        /* Send the load end address */
        val = addr + (count - 1) * 4;
+       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_FASTDATA);
        mips_ejtag_fastdata_scan(ejtag_info, 1, &val);
 
-       for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
-       {
-               if ((retval = mips_ejtag_fastdata_scan(ejtag_info, write_t, buf++)) != ERROR_OK)
+       for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+               retval = mips_ejtag_fastdata_scan(ejtag_info, write_t, buf++);
+               if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                        return retval;
        }
 
-       if ((retval = jtag_execute_queue()) != ERROR_OK)
-       {
+       retval = jtag_execute_queue();
+       if (retval != ERROR_OK) {
                LOG_ERROR("fastdata load failed");
                return retval;
        }
 
-       if ((retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info, &ejtag_ctrl)) != ERROR_OK)
+       retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info, &ejtag_ctrl);
+       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                return retval;
 
        address = 0;

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