target algo: do not write reg_param if direction is PARAM_IN
[openocd.git] / src / target / mips32_pracc.c
index 0cada4fa4962545f2f9c7b6c10594f712c809a0c..790c8dc93e23acaf5319b4ac279b4d04f59a4653 100644 (file)
@@ -20,9 +20,7 @@
  *   GNU General Public License for more details.                          *
  *                                                                         *
  *   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License     *
- *   along with this program; if not, write to the                         *
- *   Free Software Foundation, Inc.,                                       *
- *   59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307, USA.             *
+ *   along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. *
  ***************************************************************************/
 
 /*
  * The original code contained NOPs. I have removed these and moved
  * the branches.
  *
- * I also moved the PRACC_STACK to 0xFF204000. This allows
- * the use of 16 bits offsets to get pointers to the input
- * and output area relative to the stack. Note that the stack
- * isn't really a stack (the stack pointer is not 'moving')
- * but a FIFO simulated in software.
- *
  * These changes result in a 35% speed increase when programming an
  * external flash.
  *
 #include "mips32.h"
 #include "mips32_pracc.h"
 
-struct mips32_pracc_context {
-       uint32_t *local_iparam;
-       int num_iparam;
-       uint32_t *local_oparam;
-       int num_oparam;
-       const uint32_t *code;
-       int code_len;
-       uint32_t stack[32];
-       int stack_offset;
-       struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info;
-};
-
-static int mips32_pracc_read_mem8(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
-               uint32_t addr, int count, uint8_t *buf);
-static int mips32_pracc_read_mem16(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
-               uint32_t addr, int count, uint16_t *buf);
-static int mips32_pracc_read_mem32(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
-               uint32_t addr, int count, uint32_t *buf);
-static int mips32_pracc_read_u32(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
-               uint32_t addr, uint32_t *buf);
-
-static int mips32_pracc_write_mem8(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
-               uint32_t addr, int count, uint8_t *buf);
-static int mips32_pracc_write_mem16(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
-               uint32_t addr, int count, uint16_t *buf);
-static int mips32_pracc_write_mem32(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
-               uint32_t addr, int count, uint32_t *buf);
-static int mips32_pracc_write_u32(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
-               uint32_t addr, uint32_t *buf);
-
-static int mips32_pracc_sync_cache(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
-               uint32_t start_addr, uint32_t end_addr);
-static int mips32_pracc_clean_invalidate_cache(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
-               uint32_t start_addr, uint32_t end_addr);
-
-static int wait_for_pracc_rw(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t *ctrl)
+static int wait_for_pracc_rw(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info)
 {
-       uint32_t ejtag_ctrl;
-       long long then = timeval_ms();
-       int timeout;
-       int retval;
+       int64_t then = timeval_ms();
 
        /* wait for the PrAcc to become "1" */
        mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_CONTROL);
-       ejtag_ctrl = ejtag_info->ejtag_ctrl;
 
        while (1) {
-               retval = mips_ejtag_drscan_32(ejtag_info, &ejtag_ctrl);
+               ejtag_info->pa_ctrl = ejtag_info->ejtag_ctrl;
+               int retval = mips_ejtag_drscan_32(ejtag_info, &ejtag_info->pa_ctrl);
                if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                        return retval;
 
-               if (ejtag_ctrl & EJTAG_CTRL_PRACC)
+               if (ejtag_info->pa_ctrl & EJTAG_CTRL_PRACC)
                        break;
 
-               timeout = timeval_ms() - then;
+               int64_t timeout = timeval_ms() - then;
                if (timeout > 1000) {
                        LOG_DEBUG("DEBUGMODULE: No memory access in progress!");
                        return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
                }
        }
 
-       *ctrl = ejtag_ctrl;
        return ERROR_OK;
 }
 
-static int mips32_pracc_exec_read(struct mips32_pracc_context *ctx, uint32_t address)
+/* Shift in control and address for a new processor access, save them in ejtag_info */
+static int mips32_pracc_read_ctrl_addr(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info)
 {
-       struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info = ctx->ejtag_info;
-       int offset;
-       uint32_t ejtag_ctrl, data;
-
-       if ((address >= MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)
-               && (address <= MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN + ctx->num_iparam * 4)) {
-               offset = (address - MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN) / 4;
-               data = ctx->local_iparam[offset];
-       } else if ((address >= MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)
-               && (address <= MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT + ctx->num_oparam * 4)) {
-               offset = (address - MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT) / 4;
-               data = ctx->local_oparam[offset];
-       } else if ((address >= MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT)
-               && (address <= MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT + ctx->code_len * 4)) {
-               offset = (address - MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT) / 4;
-               data = ctx->code[offset];
-       } else if (address == MIPS32_PRACC_STACK) {
-               /* save to our debug stack */
-               data = ctx->stack[--ctx->stack_offset];
-       } else {
-               /* TODO: send JMP 0xFF200000 instruction. Hopefully processor jump back
-                * to start of debug vector */
-
-               LOG_ERROR("Error reading unexpected address 0x%8.8" PRIx32 "", address);
-               return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
-       }
+       int retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info);
+       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
+               return retval;
 
-       /* Send the data out */
-       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ctx->ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_DATA);
-       mips_ejtag_drscan_32_out(ctx->ejtag_info, data);
+       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_ADDRESS);
 
-       /* Clear the access pending bit (let the processor eat!) */
-       ejtag_ctrl = ejtag_info->ejtag_ctrl & ~EJTAG_CTRL_PRACC;
-       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ctx->ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_CONTROL);
-       mips_ejtag_drscan_32_out(ctx->ejtag_info, ejtag_ctrl);
+       ejtag_info->pa_addr = 0;
+       return  mips_ejtag_drscan_32(ejtag_info, &ejtag_info->pa_addr);
+}
 
-       return jtag_execute_queue();
+/* Finish processor access */
+static void mips32_pracc_finish(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info)
+{
+       uint32_t ctrl = ejtag_info->ejtag_ctrl & ~EJTAG_CTRL_PRACC;
+       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_CONTROL);
+       mips_ejtag_drscan_32_out(ejtag_info, ctrl);
 }
 
-static int mips32_pracc_exec_write(struct mips32_pracc_context *ctx, uint32_t address)
+int mips32_pracc_clean_text_jump(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info)
 {
-       uint32_t ejtag_ctrl, data;
-       int offset;
-       struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info = ctx->ejtag_info;
-       int retval;
+       uint32_t jt_code = MIPS32_J(ejtag_info->isa, MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT);
+       pracc_swap16_array(ejtag_info, &jt_code, 1);
+       /* do 3 0/nops to clean pipeline before a jump to pracc text, NOP in delay slot */
+       for (int i = 0; i != 5; i++) {
+               /* Wait for pracc */
+               int retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info);
+               if (retval != ERROR_OK)
+                       return retval;
 
-       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ctx->ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_DATA);
-       retval = mips_ejtag_drscan_32(ctx->ejtag_info, &data);
-       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
-               return retval;
+               /* Data or instruction out */
+               mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_DATA);
+               uint32_t data = (i == 3) ? jt_code : MIPS32_NOP;
+               mips_ejtag_drscan_32_out(ejtag_info, data);
 
-       /* Clear access pending bit */
-       ejtag_ctrl = ejtag_info->ejtag_ctrl & ~EJTAG_CTRL_PRACC;
-       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ctx->ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_CONTROL);
-       mips_ejtag_drscan_32_out(ctx->ejtag_info, ejtag_ctrl);
+               /* finish pa */
+               mips32_pracc_finish(ejtag_info);
+       }
 
-       retval = jtag_execute_queue();
-       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
-               return retval;
+       if (ejtag_info->mode != 0)      /* async mode support only for MIPS ... */
+               return ERROR_OK;
+
+       for (int i = 0; i != 2; i++) {
+               int retval = mips32_pracc_read_ctrl_addr(ejtag_info);
+               if (retval != ERROR_OK)
+                       return retval;
 
-       if ((address >= MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)
-               && (address <= MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN + ctx->num_iparam * 4)) {
-               offset = (address - MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN) / 4;
-               ctx->local_iparam[offset] = data;
-       } else if ((address >= MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)
-               && (address <= MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT + ctx->num_oparam * 4)) {
-               offset = (address - MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT) / 4;
-               ctx->local_oparam[offset] = data;
-       } else if (address == MIPS32_PRACC_STACK) {
-               /* save data onto our stack */
-               ctx->stack[ctx->stack_offset++] = data;
-       } else {
-               LOG_ERROR("Error writing unexpected address 0x%8.8" PRIx32 "", address);
-               return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
+               if (ejtag_info->pa_addr != MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT) { /* LEXRA/BMIPS ?, shift out another NOP, max 2 */
+                       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_DATA);
+                       mips_ejtag_drscan_32_out(ejtag_info, MIPS32_NOP);
+                       mips32_pracc_finish(ejtag_info);
+               } else
+                       break;
        }
 
        return ERROR_OK;
 }
 
-int mips32_pracc_exec(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, int code_len, const uint32_t *code,
-               int num_param_in, uint32_t *param_in, int num_param_out, uint32_t *param_out, int cycle)
+int mips32_pracc_exec(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, struct pracc_queue_info *ctx,
+                                       uint32_t *param_out, bool check_last)
 {
-       uint32_t ejtag_ctrl;
-       uint32_t address, data;
-       struct mips32_pracc_context ctx;
+       int code_count = 0;
+       int store_pending = 0;          /* increases with every store instr at dmseg, decreases with every store pa */
+       uint32_t max_store_addr = 0;    /* for store pa address testing */
+       bool restart = 0;               /* restarting control */
+       int restart_count = 0;
+       uint32_t instr = 0;
+       bool final_check = 0;           /* set to 1 if in final checks after function code shifted out */
+       bool pass = 0;                  /* to check the pass through pracc text after function code sent */
        int retval;
-       int pass = 0;
-
-       ctx.local_iparam = param_in;
-       ctx.local_oparam = param_out;
-       ctx.num_iparam = num_param_in;
-       ctx.num_oparam = num_param_out;
-       ctx.code = code;
-       ctx.code_len = code_len;
-       ctx.ejtag_info = ejtag_info;
-       ctx.stack_offset = 0;
 
        while (1) {
-               retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info, &ejtag_ctrl);
-               if (retval != ERROR_OK)
-                       return retval;
+               if (restart) {
+                       if (restart_count < 3) {                                        /* max 3 restarts allowed */
+                               retval = mips32_pracc_clean_text_jump(ejtag_info);
+                               if (retval != ERROR_OK)
+                                       return retval;
+                       } else
+                               return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
+                       restart_count++;
+                       restart = 0;
+                       code_count = 0;
+                       LOG_DEBUG("restarting code");
+               }
 
-               address = data = 0;
-               mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_ADDRESS);
-               retval = mips_ejtag_drscan_32(ejtag_info, &address);
+               retval = mips32_pracc_read_ctrl_addr(ejtag_info); /* update current pa info: control and address */
                if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                        return retval;
 
-               /* Check for read or write */
-               if (ejtag_ctrl & EJTAG_CTRL_PRNW) {
-                       retval = mips32_pracc_exec_write(&ctx, address);
+               /* Check for read or write access */
+               if (ejtag_info->pa_ctrl & EJTAG_CTRL_PRNW) {                            /* write/store access */
+                       /* Check for pending store from a previous store instruction at dmseg */
+                       if (store_pending == 0) {
+                               LOG_DEBUG("unexpected write at address %" PRIx32, ejtag_info->pa_addr);
+                               if (code_count < 2) {   /* allow for restart */
+                                       restart = 1;
+                                       continue;
+                               } else
+                                       return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
+                       } else {
+                               /* check address */
+                               if (ejtag_info->pa_addr < MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT ||
+                                               ejtag_info->pa_addr > max_store_addr) {
+                                       LOG_DEBUG("writing at unexpected address %" PRIx32, ejtag_info->pa_addr);
+                                       return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
+                               }
+                       }
+                       /* read data */
+                       uint32_t data = 0;
+                       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_DATA);
+                       retval = mips_ejtag_drscan_32(ejtag_info, &data);
                        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                                return retval;
-               } else {
-                       /* Check to see if its reading at the debug vector. The first pass through
-                        * the module is always read at the vector, so the first one we allow.  When
-                        * the second read from the vector occurs we are done and just exit. */
-                       if ((address == MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT) && (pass++))
-                               break;
 
-                       retval = mips32_pracc_exec_read(&ctx, address);
-                       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
-                               return retval;
+                       /* store data at param out, address based offset */
+                       param_out[(ejtag_info->pa_addr - MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT) / 4] = data;
+                       store_pending--;
+
+               } else {                                        /* read/fetch access */
+                        if (!final_check) {                    /* executing function code */
+                               /* check address */
+                               if (ejtag_info->pa_addr != (MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT + code_count * 4)) {
+                                       LOG_DEBUG("reading at unexpected address %" PRIx32 ", expected %x",
+                                                       ejtag_info->pa_addr, MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT + code_count * 4);
+
+                                       /* restart code execution only in some cases */
+                                       if (code_count == 1 && ejtag_info->pa_addr == MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT &&
+                                                                               restart_count == 0) {
+                                               LOG_DEBUG("restarting, without clean jump");
+                                               restart_count++;
+                                               code_count = 0;
+                                               continue;
+                                       } else if (code_count < 2) {
+                                               restart = 1;
+                                               continue;
+                                       }
+                                       return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
+                               }
+                               /* check for store instruction at dmseg */
+                               uint32_t store_addr = ctx->pracc_list[code_count].addr;
+                               if (store_addr != 0) {
+                                       if (store_addr > max_store_addr)
+                                               max_store_addr = store_addr;
+                                       store_pending++;
+                               }
+
+                               instr = ctx->pracc_list[code_count++].instr;
+                               if (code_count == ctx->code_count)      /* last instruction, start final check */
+                                       final_check = 1;
+
+                        } else {       /* final check after function code shifted out */
+                                       /* check address */
+                               if (ejtag_info->pa_addr == MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT) {
+                                       if (!pass) {    /* first pass through pracc text */
+                                               if (store_pending == 0)         /* done, normal exit */
+                                                       return ERROR_OK;
+                                               pass = 1;               /* pracc text passed */
+                                               code_count = 0;         /* restart code count */
+                                       } else {
+                                               LOG_DEBUG("unexpected second pass through pracc text");
+                                               return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
+                                       }
+                               } else {
+                                       if (ejtag_info->pa_addr != (MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT + code_count * 4)) {
+                                               LOG_DEBUG("unexpected read address in final check: %"
+                                                       PRIx32 ", expected: %x", ejtag_info->pa_addr,
+                                                       MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT + code_count * 4);
+                                               return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
+                                       }
+                               }
+                               if (!pass) {
+                                       if ((code_count - ctx->code_count) > 1) { /* allow max 2 instr delay slot */
+                                               LOG_DEBUG("failed to jump back to pracc text");
+                                               return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
+                                       }
+                               } else
+                                       if (code_count > 10) {          /* enough, abandone */
+                                               LOG_DEBUG("execution abandoned, store pending: %d", store_pending);
+                                               return ERROR_JTAG_DEVICE_ERROR;
+                                       }
+                               instr = MIPS32_NOP;     /* shift out NOPs instructions */
+                               code_count++;
+                        }
+
+                       /* Send instruction out */
+                       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_DATA);
+                       mips_ejtag_drscan_32_out(ejtag_info, instr);
                }
+               /* finish processor access, let the processor eat! */
+               mips32_pracc_finish(ejtag_info);
 
-               if (cycle == 0)
-                       break;
-       }
+               if (final_check && !check_last)                 /* last instr, don't check, execute and exit */
+                       return jtag_execute_queue();
 
-       /* stack sanity check */
-       if (ctx.stack_offset != 0)
-               LOG_DEBUG("Pracc Stack not zero");
+               if (store_pending == 0 && pass) {       /* store access done, but after passing pracc text */
+                       LOG_DEBUG("warning: store access pass pracc text");
+                       return ERROR_OK;
+               }
+       }
+}
 
-       return ERROR_OK;
+inline void pracc_queue_init(struct pracc_queue_info *ctx)
+{
+       ctx->retval = ERROR_OK;
+       ctx->code_count = 0;
+       ctx->store_count = 0;
+       ctx->max_code = 0;
+       ctx->pracc_list = NULL;
+       ctx->isa = ctx->ejtag_info->isa ? 1 : 0;
 }
 
-int mips32_pracc_read_mem(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int size, int count, void *buf)
+void pracc_add(struct pracc_queue_info *ctx, uint32_t addr, uint32_t instr)
 {
-       switch (size) {
-               case 1:
-                       return mips32_pracc_read_mem8(ejtag_info, addr, count, (uint8_t *)buf);
-               case 2:
-                       return mips32_pracc_read_mem16(ejtag_info, addr, count, (uint16_t *)buf);
-               case 4:
-                       if (count == 1)
-                               return mips32_pracc_read_u32(ejtag_info, addr, (uint32_t *)buf);
-                       else
-                               return mips32_pracc_read_mem32(ejtag_info, addr, count, (uint32_t *)buf);
+       if (ctx->retval != ERROR_OK)    /* On previous out of memory, return */
+               return;
+       if (ctx->code_count == ctx->max_code) {
+               void *p = realloc(ctx->pracc_list, sizeof(pa_list) * (ctx->max_code + PRACC_BLOCK));
+               if (p) {
+                       ctx->max_code += PRACC_BLOCK;
+                       ctx->pracc_list = p;
+               } else {
+                       ctx->retval = ERROR_FAIL;       /* Out of memory */
+                       return;
+               }
        }
-
-       return ERROR_OK;
+       ctx->pracc_list[ctx->code_count].instr = instr;
+       ctx->pracc_list[ctx->code_count++].addr = addr;
+       if (addr)
+               ctx->store_count++;
 }
 
-static int mips32_pracc_read_mem32(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int count, uint32_t *buf)
+void pracc_add_li32(struct pracc_queue_info *ctx, uint32_t reg_num, uint32_t data, bool optimize)
 {
-       static const uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                                       /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),            /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15, 15, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(10, 0, 15),                                                           /* sw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(11, 0, 15),                                                           /* sw $11,($15) */
-
-               MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),          /* $8 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN */
-               MIPS32_ORI(8, 8, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),
-               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 8),                                                                     /* $9 = mem[$8]; read addr */
-               MIPS32_LW(10, 4, 8),                                                            /* $10 = mem[$8 + 4]; read count */
-               MIPS32_LUI(11, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)),        /* $11 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT */
-               MIPS32_ORI(11, 11, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)),
-                                                                                                                       /* loop: */
-               MIPS32_BEQ(0, 10, 8),                                                           /* beq 0, $10, end */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
-
-               MIPS32_LW(8, 0, 9),                                                                     /* lw $8,0($9), Load $8 with the word @mem[$9] */
-               MIPS32_SW(8, 0, 11),                                                            /* sw $8,0($11) */
-
-               MIPS32_ADDI(10, 10, NEG16(1)),                                          /* $10-- */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(9, 9, 4),                                                           /* $1 += 4 */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(11, 11, 4),                                                         /* $11 += 4 */
-
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(8)),                                                                     /* b loop */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
-                                                                                                                       /* end: */
-               MIPS32_LW(11, 0, 15),                                                           /* lw $11,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(10, 0, 15),                                                           /* lw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(27)),                                                            /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
-       };
-
-       int retval = ERROR_OK;
-       int blocksize;
-       int wordsread;
-       uint32_t param_in[2];
-
-       wordsread = 0;
-
-       while (count > 0) {
-               blocksize = count;
-               if (count > 0x400)
-                       blocksize = 0x400;
-
-               param_in[0] = addr;
-               param_in[1] = blocksize;
-
-               retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code,
-                               ARRAY_SIZE(param_in), param_in, blocksize, &buf[wordsread], 1);
-               if (retval != ERROR_OK)
-                       return retval;
-
-               count -= blocksize;
-               addr += blocksize*sizeof(uint32_t);
-               wordsread += blocksize;
+       if (LOWER16(data) == 0 && optimize)
+               pracc_add(ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(ctx->isa, reg_num, UPPER16(data)));        /* load only upper value */
+       else if (UPPER16(data) == 0 && optimize)
+               pracc_add(ctx, 0, MIPS32_ORI(ctx->isa, reg_num, 0, LOWER16(data)));     /* load only lower */
+       else {
+               pracc_add(ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(ctx->isa, reg_num, UPPER16(data)));        /* load upper and lower */
+               pracc_add(ctx, 0, MIPS32_ORI(ctx->isa, reg_num, reg_num, LOWER16(data)));
        }
-
-       return retval;
 }
 
-static int mips32_pracc_read_u32(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, uint32_t *buf)
+inline void pracc_queue_free(struct pracc_queue_info *ctx)
 {
-       static const uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                                       /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),            /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15, 15, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $8,($15) */
-
-               MIPS32_LW(8, NEG16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK-MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN), 15), /* load R8 @ param_in[0] = address */
-
-               MIPS32_LW(8, 0, 8),                                                                     /* lw $8,0($8), Load $8 with the word @mem[$8] */
-               MIPS32_SW(8, NEG16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK - MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT), 15), /* store R8 @ param_out[0] */
-
-               MIPS32_LW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(9)),                                                                     /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
-       };
-
-       int retval = ERROR_OK;
-       uint32_t param_in[1];
-
-       param_in[0] = addr;
-
-       retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code,
-                       ARRAY_SIZE(param_in), param_in, 1, buf, 1);
-       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
-               return retval;
-
-       return retval;
+       if (ctx->pracc_list != NULL)
+               free(ctx->pracc_list);
 }
 
-static int mips32_pracc_read_mem16(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int count, uint16_t *buf)
+int mips32_pracc_queue_exec(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, struct pracc_queue_info *ctx,
+                                       uint32_t *buf, bool check_last)
 {
-       static const uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                                       /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),            /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15, 15, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(10, 0, 15),                                                           /* sw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(11, 0, 15),                                                           /* sw $11,($15) */
-
-               MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),          /* $8 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN */
-               MIPS32_ORI(8, 8, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),
-               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 8),                                                                     /* $9 = mem[$8]; read addr */
-               MIPS32_LW(10, 4, 8),                                                            /* $10 = mem[$8 + 4]; read count */
-               MIPS32_LUI(11, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)),        /* $11 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT */
-               MIPS32_ORI(11, 11, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)),
-                                                                                                                       /* loop: */
-               MIPS32_BEQ(0, 10, 8),                                                           /* beq 0, $10, end */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
-
-               MIPS32_LHU(8, 0, 9),                                                            /* lw $8,0($9), Load $8 with the halfword @mem[$9] */
-               MIPS32_SW(8, 0, 11),                                                            /* sw $8,0($11) */
-
-               MIPS32_ADDI(10, 10, NEG16(1)),                                          /* $10-- */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(9, 9, 2),                                                           /* $9 += 2 */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(11, 11, 4),                                                         /* $11 += 4 */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(8)),                                                                     /* b loop */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
-                                                                                                                       /* end: */
-               MIPS32_LW(11, 0, 15),                                                           /* lw $11,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(10, 0, 15),                                                           /* lw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(27)),                                                            /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15, 30, 0),                                                         /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
-       };
+       if (ctx->retval != ERROR_OK) {
+               LOG_ERROR("Out of memory");
+               return ERROR_FAIL;
+       }
 
-       /* TODO remove array */
-       uint32_t *param_out = malloc(count * sizeof(uint32_t));
-       int i;
+       if (ejtag_info->isa && ejtag_info->endianness)
+               for (int i = 0; i != ctx->code_count; i++)
+                       ctx->pracc_list[i].instr = SWAP16(ctx->pracc_list[i].instr);
 
-       int retval = ERROR_OK;
-       int blocksize;
-       uint32_t param_in[2];
+       if (ejtag_info->mode == 0)
+               return mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ctx, buf, check_last);
 
-       /*while (count > 0) */
-       {
-               blocksize = count;
-               if (count > 0x400)
-                       blocksize = 0x400;
+       union scan_in {
+               uint8_t scan_96[12];
+               struct {
+                       uint8_t ctrl[4];
+                       uint8_t data[4];
+                       uint8_t addr[4];
+               } scan_32;
 
-               param_in[0] = addr;
-               param_in[1] = blocksize;
+       } *scan_in = malloc(sizeof(union scan_in) * (ctx->code_count + ctx->store_count));
+       if (scan_in == NULL) {
+               LOG_ERROR("Out of memory");
+               return ERROR_FAIL;
+       }
 
-               retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code,
-                       ARRAY_SIZE(param_in), param_in, count, param_out, 1);
+       unsigned num_clocks =
+               ((uint64_t)(ejtag_info->scan_delay) * jtag_get_speed_khz() + 500000) / 1000000;
 
-/*             count -= blocksize; */
-/*             addr += blocksize; */
-       }
+       uint32_t ejtag_ctrl = ejtag_info->ejtag_ctrl & ~EJTAG_CTRL_PRACC;
+       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_ALL);
 
-       for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
-               buf[i] = param_out[i];
+       int scan_count = 0;
+       for (int i = 0; i != ctx->code_count; i++) {
+               jtag_add_clocks(num_clocks);
+               mips_ejtag_add_scan_96(ejtag_info, ejtag_ctrl, ctx->pracc_list[i].instr,
+                                      scan_in[scan_count++].scan_96);
 
-       free(param_out);
+               /* Check store address from previous instruction, if not the first */
+               if (i > 0 && ctx->pracc_list[i - 1].addr) {
+                       jtag_add_clocks(num_clocks);
+                       mips_ejtag_add_scan_96(ejtag_info, ejtag_ctrl, 0, scan_in[scan_count++].scan_96);
+               }
+       }
 
+       int retval = jtag_execute_queue();              /* execute queued scans */
+       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
+               goto exit;
+
+       uint32_t fetch_addr = MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT;                /* start address */
+       scan_count = 0;
+       for (int i = 0; i != ctx->code_count; i++) {                            /* verify every pracc access */
+               /* check pracc bit */
+               ejtag_ctrl = buf_get_u32(scan_in[scan_count].scan_32.ctrl, 0, 32);
+               uint32_t addr = buf_get_u32(scan_in[scan_count].scan_32.addr, 0, 32);
+               if (!(ejtag_ctrl & EJTAG_CTRL_PRACC)) {
+                       LOG_ERROR("Error: access not pending  count: %d", scan_count);
+                       retval = ERROR_FAIL;
+                       goto exit;
+               }
+               if (ejtag_ctrl & EJTAG_CTRL_PRNW) {
+                       LOG_ERROR("Not a fetch/read access, count: %d", scan_count);
+                       retval = ERROR_FAIL;
+                       goto exit;
+               }
+               if (addr != fetch_addr) {
+                       LOG_ERROR("Fetch addr mismatch, read: %" PRIx32 " expected: %" PRIx32 " count: %d",
+                                         addr, fetch_addr, scan_count);
+                       retval = ERROR_FAIL;
+                       goto exit;
+               }
+               fetch_addr += 4;
+               scan_count++;
+
+               /* check if previous intrucction is a store instruction at dmesg */
+               if (i > 0 && ctx->pracc_list[i - 1].addr) {
+                       uint32_t store_addr = ctx->pracc_list[i - 1].addr;
+                       ejtag_ctrl = buf_get_u32(scan_in[scan_count].scan_32.ctrl, 0, 32);
+                       addr = buf_get_u32(scan_in[scan_count].scan_32.addr, 0, 32);
+
+                       if (!(ejtag_ctrl & EJTAG_CTRL_PRNW)) {
+                               LOG_ERROR("Not a store/write access, count: %d", scan_count);
+                               retval = ERROR_FAIL;
+                               goto exit;
+                       }
+                       if (addr != store_addr) {
+                               LOG_ERROR("Store address mismatch, read: %" PRIx32 " expected: %" PRIx32 " count: %d",
+                                                             addr, store_addr, scan_count);
+                               retval = ERROR_FAIL;
+                               goto exit;
+                       }
+                       int buf_index = (addr - MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT) / 4;
+                       buf[buf_index] = buf_get_u32(scan_in[scan_count].scan_32.data, 0, 32);
+                       scan_count++;
+               }
+       }
+exit:
+       free(scan_in);
        return retval;
 }
 
-static int mips32_pracc_read_mem8(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int count, uint8_t *buf)
+int mips32_pracc_read_u32(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, uint32_t *buf)
 {
-       static const uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                                       /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),            /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15, 15, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(10, 0, 15),                                                           /* sw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(11, 0, 15),                                                           /* sw $11,($15) */
-
-               MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),          /* $8 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN */
-               MIPS32_ORI(8, 8, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),
-               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 8),                                                                     /* $9 = mem[$8]; read addr */
-               MIPS32_LW(10, 4, 8),                                                            /* $10 = mem[$8 + 4]; read count */
-               MIPS32_LUI(11, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)),        /* $11 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT */
-               MIPS32_ORI(11, 11, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)),
-                                                                                                                       /* loop: */
-               MIPS32_BEQ(0, 10, 8),                                                           /* beq 0, $10, end */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
-
-               MIPS32_LBU(8, 0, 9),                                                            /* lw $8,0($9), Load t4 with the byte @mem[t1] */
-               MIPS32_SW(8, 0, 11),                                                            /* sw $8,0($11) */
-
-               MIPS32_ADDI(10, 10, NEG16(1)),                                          /* $10-- */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(9, 9, 1),                                                           /* $9 += 1 */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(11, 11, 4),                                                         /* $11 += 4 */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(8)),                                                                     /* b loop */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
-                                                                                                                       /* end: */
-               MIPS32_LW(11, 0, 15),                                                           /* lw $11,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(10, 0, 15),                                                           /* lw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(27)),                                                            /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
-       };
+       struct pracc_queue_info ctx = {.ejtag_info = ejtag_info};
+       pracc_queue_init(&ctx);
+
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(ctx.isa, 15, PRACC_UPPER_BASE_ADDR));     /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_BASE_ADDR */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(ctx.isa, 8, UPPER16((addr + 0x8000)))); /* load  $8 with modified upper addr */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LW(ctx.isa, 8, LOWER16(addr), 8));                    /* lw $8, LOWER16(addr)($8) */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT,
+                               MIPS32_SW(ctx.isa, 8, PRACC_OUT_OFFSET, 15));   /* sw $8,PRACC_OUT_OFFSET($15) */
+       pracc_add_li32(&ctx, 8, ejtag_info->reg8, 0);                           /* restore $8 */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_B(ctx.isa, NEG16((ctx.code_count + 1) << ctx.isa)));          /* jump to start */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MFC0(ctx.isa, 15, 31, 0));                            /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
+
+       ctx.retval = mips32_pracc_queue_exec(ejtag_info, &ctx, buf, 1);
+       pracc_queue_free(&ctx);
+       return ctx.retval;
+}
 
-       /* TODO remove array */
-       uint32_t *param_out = malloc(count * sizeof(uint32_t));
-       int i;
+int mips32_pracc_read_mem(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int size, int count, void *buf)
+{
+       if (count == 1 && size == 4)
+               return mips32_pracc_read_u32(ejtag_info, addr, (uint32_t *)buf);
+
+       struct pracc_queue_info ctx = {.ejtag_info = ejtag_info};
+       pracc_queue_init(&ctx);
+
+       uint32_t *data = NULL;
+       if (size != 4) {
+               data = malloc(256 * sizeof(uint32_t));
+               if (data == NULL) {
+                       LOG_ERROR("Out of memory");
+                       goto exit;
+               }
+       }
 
-       int retval = ERROR_OK;
-       int blocksize;
-       uint32_t param_in[2];
+       uint32_t *buf32 = buf;
+       uint16_t *buf16 = buf;
+       uint8_t *buf8 = buf;
 
-/*     while (count > 0) */
-       {
-               blocksize = count;
-               if (count > 0x400)
-                       blocksize = 0x400;
+       while (count) {
+               ctx.code_count = 0;
+               ctx.store_count = 0;
 
-               param_in[0] = addr;
-               param_in[1] = blocksize;
+               int this_round_count = (count > 256) ? 256 : count;
+               uint32_t last_upper_base_addr = UPPER16((addr + 0x8000));
 
-               retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code,
-                       ARRAY_SIZE(param_in), param_in, count, param_out, 1);
+               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(ctx.isa, 15, PRACC_UPPER_BASE_ADDR)); /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_BASE_ADDR */
+               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(ctx.isa, 9, last_upper_base_addr));       /* upper memory addr to $9 */
 
-/*             count -= blocksize; */
-/*             addr += blocksize; */
-       }
+               for (int i = 0; i != this_round_count; i++) {                   /* Main code loop */
+                       uint32_t upper_base_addr = UPPER16((addr + 0x8000));
+                       if (last_upper_base_addr != upper_base_addr) {  /* if needed, change upper addr in $9 */
+                               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(ctx.isa, 9, upper_base_addr));
+                               last_upper_base_addr = upper_base_addr;
+                       }
 
-       for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
-               buf[i] = param_out[i];
+                       if (size == 4)                          /* load from memory to $8 */
+                               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LW(ctx.isa, 8, LOWER16(addr), 9));
+                       else if (size == 2)
+                               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LHU(ctx.isa, 8, LOWER16(addr), 9));
+                       else
+                               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LBU(ctx.isa, 8, LOWER16(addr), 9));
 
-       free(param_out);
+                       pracc_add(&ctx, MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT + i * 4,                 /* store $8 at param out */
+                                         MIPS32_SW(ctx.isa, 8, PRACC_OUT_OFFSET + i * 4, 15));
+                       addr += size;
+               }
+               pracc_add_li32(&ctx, 8, ejtag_info->reg8, 0);                           /* restore $8 */
+               pracc_add_li32(&ctx, 9, ejtag_info->reg9, 0);                           /* restore $9 */
 
-       return retval;
+               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_B(ctx.isa, NEG16((ctx.code_count + 1) << ctx.isa)));  /* jump to start */
+               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MFC0(ctx.isa, 15, 31, 0));                    /* restore $15 from DeSave */
+
+               if (size == 4) {
+                       ctx.retval = mips32_pracc_queue_exec(ejtag_info, &ctx, buf32, 1);
+                       if (ctx.retval != ERROR_OK)
+                               goto exit;
+                       buf32 += this_round_count;
+               } else {
+                       ctx.retval = mips32_pracc_queue_exec(ejtag_info, &ctx, data, 1);
+                       if (ctx.retval != ERROR_OK)
+                               goto exit;
+
+                       uint32_t *data_p = data;
+                       for (int i = 0; i != this_round_count; i++) {
+                               if (size == 2)
+                                       *buf16++ = *data_p++;
+                               else
+                                       *buf8++ = *data_p++;
+                       }
+               }
+               count -= this_round_count;
+       }
+exit:
+       pracc_queue_free(&ctx);
+       if (data != NULL)
+               free(data);
+       return ctx.retval;
 }
 
 int mips32_cp0_read(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t *val, uint32_t cp0_reg, uint32_t cp0_sel)
 {
-       /**
-        * Do not make this code static, but regenerate it every time,
-        * as 5th element has to be changed to add parameters
-        */
-       uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                                       /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),            /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15, 15, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $9,($15) */
-
-               /* 5 */ MIPS32_MFC0(8, 0, 0),                                           /* move COP0 [cp0_reg select] to $8 */
-
-               MIPS32_LUI(9, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)),         /* $11 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT */
-               MIPS32_ORI(9, 9, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8, 0, 9),                                                                     /* sw $8,0($9) */
-
-               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(12)),                                                            /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
-       };
-
-       /**
-        * Note that our input parametes cp0_reg and cp0_sel
-        * are numbers (not gprs) which make part of mfc0 instruction opcode.
-        *
-        * These are not fix, but can be different for each mips32_cp0_read() function call,
-        * and that is why we must insert them directly into opcode,
-        * i.e. we can not pass it on EJTAG microprogram stack (via param_in),
-        * and put them into the gprs later from MIPS32_PRACC_STACK
-        * because mfc0 do not use gpr as a parameter for the cp0_reg and select part,
-        * but plain (immediate) number.
-        *
-        * MIPS32_MTC0 is implemented via MIPS32_R_INST macro.
-        * In order to insert our parameters, we must change rd and funct fields.
-        */
-       code[5] |= (cp0_reg << 11) | cp0_sel;  /* change rd and funct of MIPS32_R_INST macro */
-
-       /* TODO remove array */
-       uint32_t *param_out = val;
-       int retval;
-
-       retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code, 0, NULL, 1, param_out, 1);
-
-       return retval;
+       struct pracc_queue_info ctx = {.ejtag_info = ejtag_info};
+       pracc_queue_init(&ctx);
+
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(ctx.isa, 15, PRACC_UPPER_BASE_ADDR));     /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_BASE_ADDR */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MFC0(ctx.isa, 8, cp0_reg, cp0_sel));          /* move cp0 reg / sel to $8 */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT,
+                               MIPS32_SW(ctx.isa, 8, PRACC_OUT_OFFSET, 15));   /* store $8 to pracc_out */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MFC0(ctx.isa, 15, 31, 0));                            /* restore $15 from DeSave */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(ctx.isa, 8, UPPER16(ejtag_info->reg8)));  /* restore upper 16 bits  of $8 */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_B(ctx.isa, NEG16((ctx.code_count + 1) << ctx.isa)));          /* jump to start */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_ORI(ctx.isa, 8, 8, LOWER16(ejtag_info->reg8))); /* restore lower 16 bits of $8 */
+
+       ctx.retval = mips32_pracc_queue_exec(ejtag_info, &ctx, val, 1);
+       pracc_queue_free(&ctx);
+       return ctx.retval;
 }
 
-int mips32_cp0_write(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
-               uint32_t val, uint32_t cp0_reg, uint32_t cp0_sel)
+int mips32_cp0_write(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t val, uint32_t cp0_reg, uint32_t cp0_sel)
 {
-       uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                                       /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),            /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15, 15, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $9,($15) */
-
-               MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),          /* $8 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN */
-               MIPS32_ORI(8, 8, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),
-               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 8),                                                                     /* Load write val to $9 */
-
-               /* 8 */ MIPS32_MTC0(9, 0, 0),                                           /* move $9 to COP0 [cp0_reg select] */
-
-               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(12)),                                                            /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
-       };
-
-       /**
-        * Note that MIPS32_MTC0 macro is implemented via MIPS32_R_INST macro.
-        * In order to insert our parameters, we must change rd and funct fields.
-        */
-       code[8] |= (cp0_reg << 11) | cp0_sel;  /* change rd and funct fields of MIPS32_R_INST macro */
-
-       /* TODO remove array */
-       uint32_t *param_in = malloc(1 * sizeof(uint32_t));
-       int retval;
-       param_in[0] = val;
+       struct pracc_queue_info ctx = {.ejtag_info = ejtag_info};
+       pracc_queue_init(&ctx);
 
-       retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code, 1, param_in, 0, NULL, 1);
+       pracc_add_li32(&ctx, 15, val, 0);                               /* Load val to $15 */
 
-       free(param_in);
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MTC0(ctx.isa, 15, cp0_reg, cp0_sel));         /* write $15 to cp0 reg / sel */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_B(ctx.isa, NEG16((ctx.code_count + 1) << ctx.isa)));          /* jump to start */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MFC0(ctx.isa, 15, 31, 0));                    /* restore $15 from DeSave */
 
-       return retval;
+       ctx.retval = mips32_pracc_queue_exec(ejtag_info, &ctx, NULL, 1);
+       pracc_queue_free(&ctx);
+       return ctx.retval;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -653,169 +608,195 @@ int mips32_cp0_write(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
  * to write back any containing D-cache line and invalidate any locations
  * already in the I-cache.
  *
- * You can do that with cache instructions, but those instructions are only available in kernel mode,
- * and a loader writing instructions for the use of its own process need not be privileged software.
+ * If the cache coherency attribute (CCA) is set to zero, it's a write through cache, there is no need
+ * to write back.
  *
  * In the latest MIPS32/64 CPUs, MIPS provides the synci instruction,
  * which does the whole job for a cache-line-sized chunk of the memory you just loaded:
- * That is, it arranges a D-cache write-back and an I-cache invalidate.
+ * That is, it arranges a D-cache write-back (if CCA = 3) and an I-cache invalidate.
  *
- * To employ synci at user level, you need to know the size of a cache line,
- * and that can be obtained with a rdhwr SYNCI_Step
- * from one of the standard “hardware registers”.
+ * The line size is obtained with the rdhwr SYNCI_Step in release 2 or from cp0 config 1 register in release 1.
  */
-static int mips32_pracc_sync_cache(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
-               uint32_t start_addr, uint32_t end_addr)
+static int mips32_pracc_synchronize_cache(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
+                                        uint32_t start_addr, uint32_t end_addr, int cached, int rel)
 {
-       static const uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                                       /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),            /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15, 15, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(10, 0, 15),                                                           /* sw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(11, 0, 15),                                                           /* sw $11,($15) */
-
-               MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),          /* $8 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN */
-               MIPS32_ORI(8, 8, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),
-               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 8),                                                                     /* Load write start_addr to $9 */
-               MIPS32_LW(10, 4, 8),                                                            /* Load write end_addr to $10 */
-
-               MIPS32_RDHWR(11, MIPS32_SYNCI_STEP),                            /* $11 = MIPS32_SYNCI_STEP */
-               MIPS32_BEQ(11, 0, 6),                                                           /* beq $11, $0, end */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
-                                                                                                                       /* synci_loop : */
-               MIPS32_SYNCI(0, 9),                                                                     /* synci 0($9) */
-               MIPS32_SLTU(8, 10, 9),                                                          /* sltu $8, $10, $9  # $8 = $10 < $9 ? 1 : 0 */
-               MIPS32_BNE(8, 0, NEG16(3)),                                                     /* bne $8, $0, synci_loop */
-               MIPS32_ADDU(9, 9, 11),                                                          /* $9 += MIPS32_SYNCI_STEP */
-               MIPS32_SYNC,
-                                                                                                                       /* end: */
-               MIPS32_LW(11, 0, 15),                                                           /* lw $11,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(10, 0, 15),                                                           /* lw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(24)),                                                            /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
-       };
+       struct pracc_queue_info ctx = {.ejtag_info = ejtag_info};
+       pracc_queue_init(&ctx);
 
-       /* TODO remove array */
-       uint32_t *param_in = malloc(2 * sizeof(uint32_t));
-       int retval;
-       param_in[0] = start_addr;
-       param_in[1] = end_addr;
+       /** Find cache line size in bytes */
+       uint32_t clsiz;
+       if (rel) {      /* Release 2 (rel = 1) */
+               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(ctx.isa, 15, PRACC_UPPER_BASE_ADDR)); /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_BASE_ADDR */
 
-       retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code, 2, param_in, 0, NULL, 1);
+               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_RDHWR(ctx.isa, 8, MIPS32_SYNCI_STEP)); /* load synci_step value to $8 */
 
-       free(param_in);
+               pracc_add(&ctx, MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT,
+                               MIPS32_SW(ctx.isa, 8, PRACC_OUT_OFFSET, 15));           /* store $8 to pracc_out */
 
-       return retval;
-}
+               pracc_add_li32(&ctx, 8, ejtag_info->reg8, 0);                           /* restore $8 */
 
-/**
- * \b mips32_pracc_clean_invalidate_cache
- *
- * Writeback D$ and Invalidate I$
- * so that the instructions written can be visible to CPU
- */
-static int mips32_pracc_clean_invalidate_cache(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
-                                                                                                       uint32_t start_addr, uint32_t end_addr)
-{
-       static const uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                                       /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),            /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15, 15, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(10, 0, 15),                                                           /* sw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(11, 0, 15),                                                           /* sw $11,($15) */
-
-               MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),          /* $8 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN */
-               MIPS32_ORI(8, 8, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),
-               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 8),                                                                     /* Load write start_addr to $9 */
-               MIPS32_LW(10, 4, 8),                                                            /* Load write end_addr to $10 */
-               MIPS32_LW(11, 8, 8),                                                            /* Load write clsiz to $11 */
-
-                                                                                                                       /* cache_loop: */
-               MIPS32_SLTU(8, 10, 9),                                                          /* sltu $8, $10, $9  :  $8 <- $10 < $9 ? */
-               MIPS32_BGTZ(8, 6),                                                                      /* bgtz $8, end */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
-
-               MIPS32_CACHE(MIPS32_CACHE_D_HIT_WRITEBACK, 0, 9),               /* cache Hit_Writeback_D, 0($9) */
-               MIPS32_CACHE(MIPS32_CACHE_I_HIT_INVALIDATE, 0, 9),      /* cache Hit_Invalidate_I, 0($9) */
-
-               MIPS32_ADDU(9, 9, 11),                                                          /* $9 += $11 */
-
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(7)),                                                                     /* b cache_loop */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
-                                                                                                                       /* end: */
-               MIPS32_LW(11, 0, 15),                                                           /* lw $11,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(10, 0, 15),                                                           /* lw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(25)),                                                            /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
-       };
+               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_B(ctx.isa, NEG16((ctx.code_count + 1) << ctx.isa)));  /* jump to start */
+               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MFC0(ctx.isa, 15, 31, 0));                    /* restore $15 from DeSave */
 
-       /**
-        * Find cache line size in bytes
-        */
-       uint32_t conf;
-       uint32_t dl, clsiz;
+               ctx.retval = mips32_pracc_queue_exec(ejtag_info, &ctx, &clsiz, 1);
+               if (ctx.retval != ERROR_OK)
+                       goto exit;
 
-       mips32_cp0_read(ejtag_info, &conf, 16, 1);
-       dl = (conf & MIPS32_CONFIG1_DL_MASK) >> MIPS32_CONFIG1_DL_SHIFT;
+       } else {                        /* Release 1 (rel = 0) */
+               uint32_t conf;
+               ctx.retval = mips32_cp0_read(ejtag_info, &conf, 16, 1);
+               if (ctx.retval != ERROR_OK)
+                       goto exit;
 
-       /* dl encoding : dl=1 => 4 bytes, dl=2 => 8 bytes, etc... */
-       clsiz = 0x2 << dl;
+               uint32_t dl = (conf & MIPS32_CONFIG1_DL_MASK) >> MIPS32_CONFIG1_DL_SHIFT;
 
-       /* TODO remove array */
-       uint32_t *param_in = malloc(3 * sizeof(uint32_t));
-       int retval;
-       param_in[0] = start_addr;
-       param_in[1] = end_addr;
-       param_in[2] = clsiz;
+               /* dl encoding : dl=1 => 4 bytes, dl=2 => 8 bytes, etc... max dl=6 => 128 bytes cache line size */
+               clsiz = 0x2 << dl;
+               if (dl == 0)
+                       clsiz = 0;
+       }
 
-       retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code, 3, param_in, 0, NULL, 1);
+       if (clsiz == 0)
+               goto exit;  /* Nothing to do */
 
-       free(param_in);
+       /* make sure clsiz is power of 2 */
+       if (clsiz & (clsiz - 1)) {
+               LOG_DEBUG("clsiz must be power of 2");
+               ctx.retval = ERROR_FAIL;
+               goto exit;
+       }
 
-       return retval;
-}
+       /* make sure start_addr and end_addr have the same offset inside de cache line */
+       start_addr |= clsiz - 1;
+       end_addr |= clsiz - 1;
+
+       ctx.code_count = 0;
+       ctx.store_count = 0;
+
+       int count = 0;
+       uint32_t last_upper_base_addr = UPPER16((start_addr + 0x8000));
 
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(ctx.isa, 15, last_upper_base_addr)); /* load upper memory base addr to $15 */
+
+       while (start_addr <= end_addr) {                                                /* main loop */
+               uint32_t upper_base_addr = UPPER16((start_addr + 0x8000));
+               if (last_upper_base_addr != upper_base_addr) {          /* if needed, change upper addr in $15 */
+                       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(ctx.isa, 15, upper_base_addr));
+                       last_upper_base_addr = upper_base_addr;
+               }
+               if (rel)                        /* synci instruction, offset($15) */
+                       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_SYNCI(ctx.isa, LOWER16(start_addr), 15));
+
+               else {
+                       if (cached == 3)        /* cache Hit_Writeback_D, offset($15) */
+                               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_CACHE(ctx.isa, MIPS32_CACHE_D_HIT_WRITEBACK,
+                                                       LOWER16(start_addr), 15));
+                       /* cache Hit_Invalidate_I, offset($15) */
+                       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_CACHE(ctx.isa, MIPS32_CACHE_I_HIT_INVALIDATE,
+                                                       LOWER16(start_addr), 15));
+               }
+               start_addr += clsiz;
+               count++;
+               if (count == 256 && start_addr <= end_addr) {                   /* more ?, then execute code list */
+                       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_B(ctx.isa, NEG16((ctx.code_count + 1) << ctx.isa)));  /* to start */
+                       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_NOP);                                 /* nop in delay slot */
+
+                       ctx.retval = mips32_pracc_queue_exec(ejtag_info, &ctx, NULL, 1);
+                       if (ctx.retval != ERROR_OK)
+                               goto exit;
+
+                       ctx.code_count = 0;     /* reset counters for another loop */
+                       ctx.store_count = 0;
+                       count = 0;
+               }
+       }
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_SYNC(ctx.isa));
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_B(ctx.isa, NEG16((ctx.code_count + 1) << ctx.isa)));          /* jump to start */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MFC0(ctx.isa, 15, 31, 0));                            /* restore $15 from DeSave*/
+
+       ctx.retval = mips32_pracc_queue_exec(ejtag_info, &ctx, NULL, 1);
+exit:
+       pracc_queue_free(&ctx);
+       return ctx.retval;
+}
 
-int mips32_pracc_write_mem(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int size, int count, void *buf)
+static int mips32_pracc_write_mem_generic(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info,
+               uint32_t addr, int size, int count, const void *buf)
 {
-       int retval;
+       struct pracc_queue_info ctx = {.ejtag_info = ejtag_info};
+       pracc_queue_init(&ctx);
+
+       const uint32_t *buf32 = buf;
+       const uint16_t *buf16 = buf;
+       const uint8_t *buf8 = buf;
+
+       while (count) {
+               ctx.code_count = 0;
+               ctx.store_count = 0;
+
+               int this_round_count = (count > 128) ? 128 : count;
+               uint32_t last_upper_base_addr = UPPER16((addr + 0x8000));
+                             /* load $15 with memory base address */
+               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(ctx.isa, 15, last_upper_base_addr));
+
+               for (int i = 0; i != this_round_count; i++) {
+                       uint32_t upper_base_addr = UPPER16((addr + 0x8000));
+                       if (last_upper_base_addr != upper_base_addr) {  /* if needed, change upper address in $15*/
+                               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(ctx.isa, 15, upper_base_addr));
+                               last_upper_base_addr = upper_base_addr;
+                       }
+
+                       if (size == 4) {
+                               pracc_add_li32(&ctx, 8, *buf32, 1);             /* load with li32, optimize */
+                               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_SW(ctx.isa, 8, LOWER16(addr), 15)); /* store word to mem */
+                               buf32++;
+
+                       } else if (size == 2) {
+                               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_ORI(ctx.isa, 8, 0, *buf16));          /* load lower value */
+                               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_SH(ctx.isa, 8, LOWER16(addr), 15)); /* store half word */
+                               buf16++;
+
+                       } else {
+                               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_ORI(ctx.isa, 8, 0, *buf8));           /* load lower value */
+                               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_SB(ctx.isa, 8, LOWER16(addr), 15));   /* store byte */
+                               buf8++;
+                       }
+                       addr += size;
+               }
 
-       switch (size) {
-               case 1:
-                       retval = mips32_pracc_write_mem8(ejtag_info, addr, count, (uint8_t *)buf);
-                       break;
-               case 2:
-                       retval = mips32_pracc_write_mem16(ejtag_info, addr, count, (uint16_t *)buf);
-                       break;
-               case 4:
-                       if (count == 1)
-                               retval = mips32_pracc_write_u32(ejtag_info, addr, (uint32_t *)buf);
-                       else
-                               retval = mips32_pracc_write_mem32(ejtag_info, addr, count, (uint32_t *)buf);
-                       break;
-               default:
-                       retval = ERROR_FAIL;
+               pracc_add_li32(&ctx, 8, ejtag_info->reg8, 0);                           /* restore $8 */
+
+               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_B(ctx.isa, NEG16((ctx.code_count + 1) << ctx.isa)));  /* jump to start */
+               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MFC0(ctx.isa, 15, 31, 0));                    /* restore $15 from DeSave */
+
+               ctx.retval = mips32_pracc_queue_exec(ejtag_info, &ctx, NULL, 1);
+               if (ctx.retval != ERROR_OK)
+                       goto exit;
+               count -= this_round_count;
        }
+exit:
+       pracc_queue_free(&ctx);
+       return ctx.retval;
+}
+
+int mips32_pracc_write_mem(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int size, int count, const void *buf)
+{
+       int retval = mips32_pracc_write_mem_generic(ejtag_info, addr, size, count, buf);
+       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
+               return retval;
 
        /**
-        * If we are in the cachable regoion and cache is activated,
-        * we must clean D$ + invalidate I$ after we did the write,
-        * so that changes do not continue to live only in D$, but to be
+        * If we are in the cacheable region and cache is activated,
+        * we must clean D$ (if Cache Coherency Attribute is set to 3) + invalidate I$ after we did the write,
+        * so that changes do not continue to live only in D$ (if CCA = 3), but to be
         * replicated in I$ also (maybe we wrote the istructions)
         */
        uint32_t conf = 0;
        int cached = 0;
 
+       if ((KSEGX(addr) == KSEG1) || ((addr >= 0xff200000) && (addr <= 0xff3fffff)))
+               return retval; /*Nothing to do*/
+
        mips32_cp0_read(ejtag_info, &conf, 16, 0);
 
        switch (KSEGX(addr)) {
@@ -825,9 +806,6 @@ int mips32_pracc_write_mem(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int siz
                case KSEG0:
                        cached = (conf & MIPS32_CONFIG0_K0_MASK) >> MIPS32_CONFIG0_K0_SHIFT;
                        break;
-               case KSEG1:
-                       /* uncachable segment - nothing to do */
-                       break;
                case KSEG2:
                case KSEG3:
                        cached = (conf & MIPS32_CONFIG0_K23_MASK) >> MIPS32_CONFIG0_K23_SHIFT;
@@ -838,374 +816,99 @@ int mips32_pracc_write_mem(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int siz
        }
 
        /**
-        * Check cachablitiy bits coherency algorithm -
+        * Check cachablitiy bits coherency algorithm
         * is the region cacheable or uncached.
         * If cacheable we have to synchronize the cache
         */
-       if (cached == 0x3) {
-               uint32_t start_addr, end_addr;
-               uint32_t rel;
-
-               start_addr = addr;
-               end_addr = addr + count * size;
-
-               /** select cache synchronisation mechanism based on Architecture Release */
-               rel = (conf & MIPS32_CONFIG0_AR_MASK) >> MIPS32_CONFIG0_AR_SHIFT;
-               switch (rel) {
-                       case MIPS32_ARCH_REL1:
-                               /* MIPS32/64 Release 1 - we must use cache instruction */
-                               mips32_pracc_clean_invalidate_cache(ejtag_info, start_addr, end_addr);
-                               break;
-                       case MIPS32_ARCH_REL2:
-                               /* MIPS32/64 Release 2 - we can use synci instruction */
-                               mips32_pracc_sync_cache(ejtag_info, start_addr, end_addr);
-                               break;
-                       default:
-                               /* what ? */
-                               break;
+       if (cached == 3 || cached == 0) {               /* Write back cache or write through cache */
+               uint32_t start_addr = addr;
+               uint32_t end_addr = addr + count * size;
+               uint32_t rel = (conf & MIPS32_CONFIG0_AR_MASK) >> MIPS32_CONFIG0_AR_SHIFT;
+               if (rel > 1) {
+                       LOG_DEBUG("Unknown release in cache code");
+                       return ERROR_FAIL;
                }
+               retval = mips32_pracc_synchronize_cache(ejtag_info, start_addr, end_addr, cached, rel);
        }
 
        return retval;
 }
 
-static int mips32_pracc_write_mem32(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int count, uint32_t *buf)
-{
-       static const uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                                       /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),            /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15, 15, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(10, 0, 15),                                                           /* sw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(11, 0, 15),                                                           /* sw $11,($15) */
-
-               MIPS32_ADDI(8, 15, NEG16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK-MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),  /* $8= MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN */
-               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 8),                                                                     /* Load write addr to $9 */
-               MIPS32_LW(10, 4, 8),                                                            /* Load write count to $10 */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(8, 8, 8),                                                           /* $8 += 8 beginning of data */
-
-                                                                                                                       /* loop: */
-               MIPS32_LW(11, 0, 8),                                                            /* lw $11,0($8), Load $11 with the word @mem[$8] */
-               MIPS32_SW(11, 0, 9),                                                            /* sw $11,0($9) */
-
-               MIPS32_ADDI(9, 9, 4),                                                           /* $9 += 4 */
-               MIPS32_BNE(10, 9, NEG16(4)),                                            /* bne $10, $9, loop */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(8, 8, 4),                                                           /* $8 += 4 */
-
-                                                                                                                       /* end: */
-               MIPS32_LW(11, 0, 15),                                                           /* lw $11,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(10, 0, 15),                                                           /* lw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(21)),                                                            /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
-       };
-
-       /* TODO remove array */
-       uint32_t *param_in = malloc((count + 2) * sizeof(uint32_t));
-       param_in[0] = addr;
-       param_in[1] = addr + (count * sizeof(uint32_t));        /* last address */
-
-       memcpy(&param_in[2], buf, count * sizeof(uint32_t));
-
-       int retval;
-       retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code,
-               count + 2, param_in, 0, NULL, 1);
-
-       free(param_in);
-
-       return retval;
-}
-
-static int mips32_pracc_write_u32(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, uint32_t *buf)
-{
-       static const uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                                       /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),            /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15, 15, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $9,($15) */
-
-               MIPS32_LW(8, NEG16((MIPS32_PRACC_STACK-MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)-4), 15),  /* load R8 @ param_in[1] = data */
-               MIPS32_LW(9, NEG16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK-MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN), 15),              /* load R9 @ param_in[0] = address */
-
-               MIPS32_SW(8, 0, 9),                                                                     /* sw $8,0($9) */
-
-               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(11)),                                                            /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
-       };
-
-       /* TODO remove array */
-       uint32_t param_in[1 + 1];
-       param_in[0] = addr;
-       param_in[1] = *buf;
-
-       return mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code,
-               ARRAY_SIZE(param_in), param_in, 0, NULL, 1);
-}
-
-static int mips32_pracc_write_mem16(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int count, uint16_t *buf)
-{
-       static const uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                                       /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),            /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15, 15, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(10, 0, 15),                                                           /* sw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(11, 0, 15),                                                           /* sw $11,($15) */
-
-               MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),          /* $8 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN */
-               MIPS32_ORI(8, 8, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),
-               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 8),                                                                     /* Load write addr to $9 */
-               MIPS32_LW(10, 4, 8),                                                            /* Load write count to $10 */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(8, 8, 8),                                                           /* $8 += 8 */
-                                                                                                                       /* loop: */
-               MIPS32_BEQ(0, 10, 8),                                                           /* beq $0, $10, end */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
-
-               MIPS32_LW(11, 0, 8),                                                            /* lw $11,0($8), Load $11 with the word @mem[$8] */
-               MIPS32_SH(11, 0, 9),                                                            /* sh $11,0($9) */
-
-               MIPS32_ADDI(10, 10, NEG16(1)),                                          /* $10-- */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(9, 9, 2),                                                           /* $9 += 2 */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(8, 8, 4),                                                           /* $8 += 4 */
-
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(8)),                                                                     /* b loop */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
-                                                                                                                       /* end: */
-               MIPS32_LW(11, 0, 15),                                                           /* lw $11,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(10, 0, 15),                                                           /* lw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(26)),                                                            /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
-       };
-
-       /* TODO remove array */
-       uint32_t *param_in = malloc((count + 2) * sizeof(uint32_t));
-       int i;
-       param_in[0] = addr;
-       param_in[1] = count;
-
-       for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
-               param_in[i + 2] = buf[i];
-
-       int retval;
-       retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code,
-               count + 2, param_in, 0, NULL, 1);
-
-       free(param_in);
-
-       return retval;
-}
-
-static int mips32_pracc_write_mem8(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t addr, int count, uint8_t *buf)
+int mips32_pracc_write_regs(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t *regs)
 {
-       static const uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                                       /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),            /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15, 15, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* sw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(10, 0, 15),                                                           /* sw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(11, 0, 15),                                                           /* sw $11,($15) */
-
-               MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),          /* $8 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN */
-               MIPS32_ORI(8, 8, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),
-               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 8),                                                                     /* Load write addr to $9 */
-               MIPS32_LW(10, 4, 8),                                                            /* Load write count to $10 */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(8, 8, 8),                                                           /* $8 += 8 */
-                                                                                                                       /* loop: */
-               MIPS32_BEQ(0, 10, 8),                                                           /* beq $0, $10, end */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
-
-               MIPS32_LW(11, 0, 8),                                                            /* lw $11,0($8), Load $11 with the word @mem[$8] */
-               MIPS32_SB(11, 0, 9),                                                            /* sb $11,0($9) */
-
-               MIPS32_ADDI(10, 10, NEG16(1)),                                          /* $10-- */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(9, 9, 1),                                                           /* $9 += 1 */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(8, 8, 4),                                                           /* $8 += 4 */
-
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(8)),                                                                     /* b loop */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
-                                                                                                                       /* end: */
-               MIPS32_LW(11, 0, 15),                                                           /* lw $11,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(10, 0, 15),                                                           /* lw $10,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $9,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(8, 0, 15),                                                            /* lw $8,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(26)),                                                            /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0),                                                         /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
+       struct pracc_queue_info ctx = {.ejtag_info = ejtag_info};
+       pracc_queue_init(&ctx);
+
+       uint32_t cp0_write_code[] = {
+               MIPS32_MTC0(ctx.isa, 1, 12, 0),                                 /* move $1 to status */
+               MIPS32_MTLO(ctx.isa, 1),                                                /* move $1 to lo */
+               MIPS32_MTHI(ctx.isa, 1),                                                /* move $1 to hi */
+               MIPS32_MTC0(ctx.isa, 1, 8, 0),                                  /* move $1 to badvaddr */
+               MIPS32_MTC0(ctx.isa, 1, 13, 0),                                 /* move $1 to cause*/
+               MIPS32_MTC0(ctx.isa, 1, 24, 0),                                 /* move $1 to depc (pc) */
        };
 
-       /* TODO remove array */
-       uint32_t *param_in = malloc((count + 2) * sizeof(uint32_t));
-       int retval;
-       int i;
-       param_in[0] = addr;
-       param_in[1] = count;
+       /* load registers 2 to 31 with li32, optimize */
+       for (int i = 2; i < 32; i++)
+               pracc_add_li32(&ctx, i, regs[i], 1);
 
-       for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
-               param_in[i + 2] = buf[i];
-
-       retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code,
-               count + 2, param_in, 0, NULL, 1);
+       for (int i = 0; i != 6; i++) {
+               pracc_add_li32(&ctx, 1, regs[i + 32], 0);       /* load CPO value in $1 */
+               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, cp0_write_code[i]);                  /* write value from $1 to CPO register */
+       }
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MTC0(ctx.isa, 15, 31, 0));                            /* load $15 in DeSave */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(ctx.isa, 1, UPPER16((regs[1]))));         /* load upper half word in $1 */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_B(ctx.isa, NEG16((ctx.code_count + 1) << ctx.isa)));          /* jump to start */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_ORI(ctx.isa, 1, 1, LOWER16((regs[1]))));      /* load lower half word in $1 */
 
-       free(param_in);
+       ctx.retval = mips32_pracc_queue_exec(ejtag_info, &ctx, NULL, 1);
 
-       return retval;
+       ejtag_info->reg8 = regs[8];
+       ejtag_info->reg9 = regs[9];
+       pracc_queue_free(&ctx);
+       return ctx.retval;
 }
 
-int mips32_pracc_write_regs(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t *regs)
+int mips32_pracc_read_regs(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t *regs)
 {
-       static const uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                               /* start: */
-               MIPS32_LUI(2, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),  /* $2 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN */
-               MIPS32_ORI(2, 2, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),
-               MIPS32_LW(1, 1*4, 2),                                                   /* lw $1,1*4($2) */
-               MIPS32_LW(15, 15*4, 2),                                                 /* lw $15,15*4($2) */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0),                                                 /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),    /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15, 15, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(1, 0, 15),                                                    /* sw $1,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LUI(1, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),  /* $1 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN */
-               MIPS32_ORI(1, 1, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_IN)),
-               MIPS32_LW(3, 3*4, 1),                                                   /* lw $3,3*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(4, 4*4, 1),                                                   /* lw $4,4*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(5, 5*4, 1),                                                   /* lw $5,5*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(6, 6*4, 1),                                                   /* lw $6,6*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(7, 7*4, 1),                                                   /* lw $7,7*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(8, 8*4, 1),                                                   /* lw $8,8*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(9, 9*4, 1),                                                   /* lw $9,9*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(10, 10*4, 1),                                                 /* lw $10,10*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(11, 11*4, 1),                                                 /* lw $11,11*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(12, 12*4, 1),                                                 /* lw $12,12*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(13, 13*4, 1),                                                 /* lw $13,13*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(14, 14*4, 1),                                                 /* lw $14,14*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(16, 16*4, 1),                                                 /* lw $16,16*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(17, 17*4, 1),                                                 /* lw $17,17*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(18, 18*4, 1),                                                 /* lw $18,18*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(19, 19*4, 1),                                                 /* lw $19,19*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(20, 20*4, 1),                                                 /* lw $20,20*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(21, 21*4, 1),                                                 /* lw $21,21*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(22, 22*4, 1),                                                 /* lw $22,22*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(23, 23*4, 1),                                                 /* lw $23,23*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(24, 24*4, 1),                                                 /* lw $24,24*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(25, 25*4, 1),                                                 /* lw $25,25*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(26, 26*4, 1),                                                 /* lw $26,26*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(27, 27*4, 1),                                                 /* lw $27,27*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(28, 28*4, 1),                                                 /* lw $28,28*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(29, 29*4, 1),                                                 /* lw $29,29*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(30, 30*4, 1),                                                 /* lw $30,30*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(31, 31*4, 1),                                                 /* lw $31,31*4($1) */
-
-               MIPS32_LW(2, 32*4, 1),                                                  /* lw $2,32*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(2, 12, 0),                                                  /* move $2 to status */
-               MIPS32_LW(2, 33*4, 1),                                                  /* lw $2,33*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_MTLO(2),                                                                 /* move $2 to lo */
-               MIPS32_LW(2, 34*4, 1),                                                  /* lw $2,34*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_MTHI(2),                                                                 /* move $2 to hi */
-               MIPS32_LW(2, 35*4, 1),                                                  /* lw $2,35*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(2, 8, 0),                                                   /* move $2 to badvaddr */
-               MIPS32_LW(2, 36*4, 1),                                                  /* lw $2,36*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(2, 13, 0),                                                  /* move $2 to cause*/
-               MIPS32_LW(2, 37*4, 1),                                                  /* lw $2,37*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(2, 24, 0),                                                  /* move $2 to depc (pc) */
-
-               MIPS32_LW(2, 2*4, 1),                                                   /* lw $2,2*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_LW(1, 0, 15),                                                    /* lw $1,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(53)),                                                    /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0),                                                 /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
+       struct pracc_queue_info ctx = {.ejtag_info = ejtag_info};
+       pracc_queue_init(&ctx);
+
+       uint32_t cp0_read_code[] = {
+               MIPS32_MFC0(ctx.isa, 8, 12, 0),                                 /* move status to $8 */
+               MIPS32_MFLO(ctx.isa, 8),                                                /* move lo to $8 */
+               MIPS32_MFHI(ctx.isa, 8),                                                /* move hi to $8 */
+               MIPS32_MFC0(ctx.isa, 8, 8, 0),                                  /* move badvaddr to $8 */
+               MIPS32_MFC0(ctx.isa, 8, 13, 0),                                 /* move cause to $8 */
+               MIPS32_MFC0(ctx.isa, 8, 24, 0),                                 /* move depc (pc) to $8 */
        };
 
-       int retval;
-
-       retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code,
-                       MIPS32NUMCOREREGS, regs, 0, NULL, 1);
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MTC0(ctx.isa, 1, 31, 0));                             /* move $1 to COP0 DeSave */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_LUI(ctx.isa, 1, PRACC_UPPER_BASE_ADDR));      /* $1 = MIP32_PRACC_BASE_ADDR */
 
-       return retval;
-}
+       for (int i = 2; i != 32; i++)                                   /* store GPR's 2 to 31 */
+               pracc_add(&ctx, MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT + (i * 4),
+                                 MIPS32_SW(ctx.isa, i, PRACC_OUT_OFFSET + (i * 4), 1));
 
-int mips32_pracc_read_regs(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t *regs)
-{
-       static const uint32_t code[] = {
-                                                                                                               /* start: */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(2, 31, 0),                                                  /* move $2 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(2, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)), /* $2 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT */
-               MIPS32_ORI(2, 2, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)),
-               MIPS32_SW(0, 0*4, 2),                                                   /* sw $0,0*4($2) */
-               MIPS32_SW(1, 1*4, 2),                                                   /* sw $1,1*4($2) */
-               MIPS32_SW(15, 15*4, 2),                                                 /* sw $15,15*4($2) */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(2, 31, 0),                                                  /* move COP0 DeSave to $2 */
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0),                                                 /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               MIPS32_LUI(15, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),    /* $15 = MIPS32_PRACC_STACK */
-               MIPS32_ORI(15, 15, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_STACK)),
-               MIPS32_SW(1, 0, 15),                                                    /* sw $1,($15) */
-               MIPS32_SW(2, 0, 15),                                                    /* sw $2,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LUI(1, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)), /* $1 = MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT */
-               MIPS32_ORI(1, 1, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT)),
-               MIPS32_SW(2, 2*4, 1),                                                   /* sw $2,2*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(3, 3*4, 1),                                                   /* sw $3,3*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(4, 4*4, 1),                                                   /* sw $4,4*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(5, 5*4, 1),                                                   /* sw $5,5*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(6, 6*4, 1),                                                   /* sw $6,6*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(7, 7*4, 1),                                                   /* sw $7,7*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(8, 8*4, 1),                                                   /* sw $8,8*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(9, 9*4, 1),                                                   /* sw $9,9*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(10, 10*4, 1),                                                 /* sw $10,10*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(11, 11*4, 1),                                                 /* sw $11,11*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(12, 12*4, 1),                                                 /* sw $12,12*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(13, 13*4, 1),                                                 /* sw $13,13*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(14, 14*4, 1),                                                 /* sw $14,14*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(16, 16*4, 1),                                                 /* sw $16,16*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(17, 17*4, 1),                                                 /* sw $17,17*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(18, 18*4, 1),                                                 /* sw $18,18*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(19, 19*4, 1),                                                 /* sw $19,19*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(20, 20*4, 1),                                                 /* sw $20,20*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(21, 21*4, 1),                                                 /* sw $21,21*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(22, 22*4, 1),                                                 /* sw $22,22*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(23, 23*4, 1),                                                 /* sw $23,23*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(24, 24*4, 1),                                                 /* sw $24,24*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(25, 25*4, 1),                                                 /* sw $25,25*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(26, 26*4, 1),                                                 /* sw $26,26*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(27, 27*4, 1),                                                 /* sw $27,27*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(28, 28*4, 1),                                                 /* sw $28,28*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(29, 29*4, 1),                                                 /* sw $29,29*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(30, 30*4, 1),                                                 /* sw $30,30*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_SW(31, 31*4, 1),                                                 /* sw $31,31*4($1) */
-
-               MIPS32_MFC0(2, 12, 0),                                                  /* move status to $2 */
-               MIPS32_SW(2, 32*4, 1),                                                  /* sw $2,32*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_MFLO(2),                                                                 /* move lo to $2 */
-               MIPS32_SW(2, 33*4, 1),                                                  /* sw $2,33*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_MFHI(2),                                                                 /* move hi to $2 */
-               MIPS32_SW(2, 34*4, 1),                                                  /* sw $2,34*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(2, 8, 0),                                                   /* move badvaddr to $2 */
-               MIPS32_SW(2, 35*4, 1),                                                  /* sw $2,35*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(2, 13, 0),                                                  /* move cause to $2 */
-               MIPS32_SW(2, 36*4, 1),                                                  /* sw $2,36*4($1) */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(2, 24, 0),                                                  /* move depc (pc) to $2 */
-               MIPS32_SW(2, 37*4, 1),                                                  /* sw $2,37*4($1) */
-
-               MIPS32_LW(2, 0, 15),                                                    /* lw $2,($15) */
-               MIPS32_LW(1, 0, 15),                                                    /* lw $1,($15) */
-               MIPS32_B(NEG16(58)),                                                    /* b start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0),                                                 /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
-       };
+       for (int i = 0; i != 6; i++) {
+               pracc_add(&ctx, 0, cp0_read_code[i]);                           /* load COP0 needed registers to $8 */
+               pracc_add(&ctx, MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT + (i + 32) * 4,                  /* store $8 at PARAM OUT */
+                                 MIPS32_SW(ctx.isa, 8, PRACC_OUT_OFFSET + (i + 32) * 4, 1));
+       }
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MFC0(ctx.isa, 8, 31, 0));                     /* move DeSave to $8, reg1 value */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, MIPS32_PRACC_PARAM_OUT + 4,                     /* store reg1 value from $8 to param out */
+                         MIPS32_SW(ctx.isa, 8, PRACC_OUT_OFFSET + 4, 1));
 
-       int retval;
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MFC0(ctx.isa, 1, 31, 0));             /* move COP0 DeSave to $1, restore reg1 */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_B(ctx.isa, NEG16((ctx.code_count + 1) << ctx.isa)));          /* jump to start */
+       pracc_add(&ctx, 0, MIPS32_MTC0(ctx.isa, 15, 31, 0));                            /* load $15 in DeSave */
 
-       retval = mips32_pracc_exec(ejtag_info, ARRAY_SIZE(code), code,
-               0, NULL, MIPS32NUMCOREREGS, regs, 1);
+       ctx.retval = mips32_pracc_queue_exec(ejtag_info, &ctx, regs, 1);
 
-       return retval;
+       ejtag_info->reg8 = regs[8];     /* reg8 is saved but not restored, next called function should restore it */
+       ejtag_info->reg9 = regs[9];
+       pracc_queue_free(&ctx);
+       return ctx.retval;
 }
 
 /* fastdata upload/download requires an initialized working area
@@ -1218,71 +921,61 @@ int mips32_pracc_read_regs(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, uint32_t *regs)
 int mips32_pracc_fastdata_xfer(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, struct working_area *source,
                int write_t, uint32_t addr, int count, uint32_t *buf)
 {
+       uint32_t isa = ejtag_info->isa ? 1 : 0;
        uint32_t handler_code[] = {
-               /* caution when editing, table is modified below */
                /* r15 points to the start of this code */
-               MIPS32_SW(8, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 4, 15),
-               MIPS32_SW(9, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 8, 15),
-               MIPS32_SW(10, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 12, 15),
-               MIPS32_SW(11, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 16, 15),
+               MIPS32_SW(isa, 8, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 4, 15),
+               MIPS32_SW(isa, 9, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 8, 15),
+               MIPS32_SW(isa, 10, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 12, 15),
+               MIPS32_SW(isa, 11, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 16, 15),
                /* start of fastdata area in t0 */
-               MIPS32_LUI(8, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_FASTDATA_AREA)),
-               MIPS32_ORI(8, 8, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_FASTDATA_AREA)),
-               MIPS32_LW(9, 0, 8),                                                             /* start addr in t1 */
-               MIPS32_LW(10, 0, 8),                                                    /* end addr to t2 */
-                                                                                                               /* loop: */
-               /* 8 */ MIPS32_LW(11, 0, 0),                                    /* lw t3,[t8 | r9] */
-               /* 9 */ MIPS32_SW(11, 0, 0),                                    /* sw t3,[r9 | r8] */
-               MIPS32_BNE(10, 9, NEG16(3)),                                    /* bne $t2,t1,loop */
-               MIPS32_ADDI(9, 9, 4),                                                   /* addi t1,t1,4 */
-
-               MIPS32_LW(8, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 4, 15),
-               MIPS32_LW(9, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 8, 15),
-               MIPS32_LW(10, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 12, 15),
-               MIPS32_LW(11, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 16, 15),
-
-               MIPS32_LUI(15, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT)),
-               MIPS32_ORI(15, 15, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT)),
-               MIPS32_JR(15),                                                          /* jr start */
-               MIPS32_MFC0(15, 31, 0),                                         /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
-       };
-
-       uint32_t jmp_code[] = {
-               MIPS32_MTC0(15, 31, 0),                 /* move $15 to COP0 DeSave */
-               /* 1 */ MIPS32_LUI(15, 0),              /* addr of working area added below */
-               /* 2 */ MIPS32_ORI(15, 15, 0),  /* addr of working area added below */
-               MIPS32_JR(15),                                  /* jump to ram program */
-               MIPS32_NOP,
+               MIPS32_LUI(isa, 8, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_FASTDATA_AREA)),
+               MIPS32_ORI(isa, 8, 8, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_FASTDATA_AREA)),
+               MIPS32_LW(isa, 9, 0, 8),                                                /* start addr in t1 */
+               MIPS32_LW(isa, 10, 0, 8),                                               /* end addr to t2 */
+                                       /* loop: */
+               write_t ? MIPS32_LW(isa, 11, 0, 8) : MIPS32_LW(isa, 11, 0, 9),  /* from xfer area : from memory */
+               write_t ? MIPS32_SW(isa, 11, 0, 9) : MIPS32_SW(isa, 11, 0, 8),  /* to memory      : to xfer area */
+
+               MIPS32_BNE(isa, 10, 9, NEG16(3 << isa)),                        /* bne $t2,t1,loop */
+               MIPS32_ADDI(isa, 9, 9, 4),                                      /* addi t1,t1,4 */
+
+               MIPS32_LW(isa, 8, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 4, 15),
+               MIPS32_LW(isa, 9, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 8, 15),
+               MIPS32_LW(isa, 10, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 12, 15),
+               MIPS32_LW(isa, 11, MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE - 16, 15),
+
+               MIPS32_LUI(isa, 15, UPPER16(MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT)),
+               MIPS32_ORI(isa, 15, 15, LOWER16(MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT) | isa),      /* isa bit for JR instr */
+               MIPS32_JR(isa, 15),                                                             /* jr start */
+               MIPS32_MFC0(isa, 15, 31, 0),                                    /* move COP0 DeSave to $15 */
        };
 
-       int retval, i;
-       uint32_t val, ejtag_ctrl, address;
-
        if (source->size < MIPS32_FASTDATA_HANDLER_SIZE)
                return ERROR_TARGET_RESOURCE_NOT_AVAILABLE;
 
-       if (write_t) {
-               handler_code[8] = MIPS32_LW(11, 0, 8);  /* load data from probe at fastdata area */
-               handler_code[9] = MIPS32_SW(11, 0, 9);  /* store data to RAM @ r9 */
-       } else {
-               handler_code[8] = MIPS32_LW(11, 0, 9);  /* load data from RAM @ r9 */
-               handler_code[9] = MIPS32_SW(11, 0, 8);  /* store data to probe at fastdata area */
-       }
-
-       /* write program into RAM */
+       pracc_swap16_array(ejtag_info, handler_code, ARRAY_SIZE(handler_code));
+               /* write program into RAM */
        if (write_t != ejtag_info->fast_access_save) {
-               mips32_pracc_write_mem32(ejtag_info, source->address, ARRAY_SIZE(handler_code), handler_code);
+               mips32_pracc_write_mem(ejtag_info, source->address, 4, ARRAY_SIZE(handler_code), handler_code);
                /* save previous operation to speed to any consecutive read/writes */
                ejtag_info->fast_access_save = write_t;
        }
 
-       LOG_DEBUG("%s using 0x%.8" PRIx32 " for write handler", __func__, source->address);
+       LOG_DEBUG("%s using 0x%.8" TARGET_PRIxADDR " for write handler", __func__, source->address);
 
-       jmp_code[1] |= UPPER16(source->address);
-       jmp_code[2] |= LOWER16(source->address);
+       uint32_t jmp_code[] = {
+               MIPS32_LUI(isa, 15, UPPER16(source->address)),                  /* load addr of jump in $15 */
+               MIPS32_ORI(isa, 15, 15, LOWER16(source->address) | isa),        /* isa bit for JR instr */
+               MIPS32_JR(isa, 15),                                             /* jump to ram program */
+               isa ? MIPS32_XORI(isa, 15, 15, 1) : MIPS32_NOP, /* drop isa bit, needed for LW/SW instructions */
+       };
 
-       for (i = 0; i < (int) ARRAY_SIZE(jmp_code); i++) {
-               retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info, &ejtag_ctrl);
+       pracc_swap16_array(ejtag_info, jmp_code, ARRAY_SIZE(jmp_code));
+
+       /* execute jump code, with no address check */
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(jmp_code); i++) {
+               int retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info);
                if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                        return retval;
 
@@ -1290,43 +983,39 @@ int mips32_pracc_fastdata_xfer(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, struct working_are
                mips_ejtag_drscan_32_out(ejtag_info, jmp_code[i]);
 
                /* Clear the access pending bit (let the processor eat!) */
-               ejtag_ctrl = ejtag_info->ejtag_ctrl & ~EJTAG_CTRL_PRACC;
-               mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_CONTROL);
-               mips_ejtag_drscan_32_out(ejtag_info, ejtag_ctrl);
+               mips32_pracc_finish(ejtag_info);
        }
 
-       retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info, &ejtag_ctrl);
+       /* wait PrAcc pending bit for FASTDATA write, read address */
+       int retval = mips32_pracc_read_ctrl_addr(ejtag_info);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                return retval;
 
        /* next fetch to dmseg should be in FASTDATA_AREA, check */
-       address = 0;
-       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_ADDRESS);
-       retval = mips_ejtag_drscan_32(ejtag_info, &address);
-       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
-               return retval;
-
-       if (address != MIPS32_PRACC_FASTDATA_AREA)
+       if (ejtag_info->pa_addr != MIPS32_PRACC_FASTDATA_AREA)
                return ERROR_FAIL;
 
-       /* wait PrAcc pending bit for FASTDATA write */
-       retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info, &ejtag_ctrl);
-       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
-               return retval;
-
        /* Send the load start address */
-       val = addr;
+       uint32_t val = addr;
        mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_FASTDATA);
        mips_ejtag_fastdata_scan(ejtag_info, 1, &val);
 
+       retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info);
+       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
+               return retval;
+
        /* Send the load end address */
        val = addr + (count - 1) * 4;
+       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_FASTDATA);
        mips_ejtag_fastdata_scan(ejtag_info, 1, &val);
 
-       for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-               retval = mips_ejtag_fastdata_scan(ejtag_info, write_t, buf++);
-               if (retval != ERROR_OK)
-                       return retval;
+       unsigned num_clocks = 0;        /* like in legacy code */
+       if (ejtag_info->mode != 0)
+               num_clocks = ((uint64_t)(ejtag_info->scan_delay) * jtag_get_speed_khz() + 500000) / 1000000;
+
+       for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+               jtag_add_clocks(num_clocks);
+               mips_ejtag_fastdata_scan(ejtag_info, write_t, buf++);
        }
 
        retval = jtag_execute_queue();
@@ -1335,17 +1024,11 @@ int mips32_pracc_fastdata_xfer(struct mips_ejtag *ejtag_info, struct working_are
                return retval;
        }
 
-       retval = wait_for_pracc_rw(ejtag_info, &ejtag_ctrl);
-       if (retval != ERROR_OK)
-               return retval;
-
-       address = 0;
-       mips_ejtag_set_instr(ejtag_info, EJTAG_INST_ADDRESS);
-       retval = mips_ejtag_drscan_32(ejtag_info, &address);
+       retval = mips32_pracc_read_ctrl_addr(ejtag_info);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
                return retval;
 
-       if (address != MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT)
+       if (ejtag_info->pa_addr != MIPS32_PRACC_TEXT)
                LOG_ERROR("mini program did not return to start");
 
        return retval;

Linking to existing account procedure

If you already have an account and want to add another login method you MUST first sign in with your existing account and then change URL to read https://review.openocd.org/login/?link to get to this page again but this time it'll work for linking. Thank you.

SSH host keys fingerprints

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384 SHA256:jHIbSQa4REvwCFG4cq5LBlBLxmxSqelQPem/EXIrxjk gerrit-code-review@openocd.org (ECDSA)
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+--[ED25519 256]--+
|=..              |
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